Exponent (United States)

Ethylene oxide (EtO) is primarily used as an intermediate in the manufacture of chemicals, with a minor use as a sterilant for medical equipment and food products. It is a direct-acting alkylating agent that reacts with cellular macromolecules, including proteins and DNA. EtO has been shown to induce tumors in rodents and humans. DNA reactivity has been the postulated mode of action (MOA) for its carcinogenicity. The current study has investigated the dose response for EtO-induced genetic damage to inform the biological plausibility of a dose-response model for cancer risk assessment. Male and female B6C3F1 mice were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 50, 100, or 200 ppm EtO by whole-body inhalation (6 hours/day for 28 days, 7 days/week). Mutagenicity was assessed by determining the frequency of mutant Pig-a phenotype in reticulocytes (RET) and mature red blood cells (RBC) on Day 28. Cytogenetic damage was evaluated by the erythrocyte micronucleus (MN) test in blood samples collected on Days 5 and 28. EtO is a relatively weak genotoxicant with treatment-related increases in Pig-a and MN frequencies being seen primarily at 200 ppm. The hockey-stick shaped dose response for genetic damage may be conservatively interpreted as being no more than a linear response with a single slope. Thus, a cancer risk assessment dose-response model consisting of a single linear slope throughout the exposure range is biologically plausible and consistent if EtO were acting through a mutagenic MoA for its carcinogenicity.

Cortically induced blindness (CB) resulting from stroke damage to the early visual cortex leads to extensive, typically extrafoveal visual deficits and is known to alter large-scale oculomotor behavior. Here, we show that even with preserved foveal acuity, fixational oculomotor behavior is subtly altered in CB patients. Using high-precision eye tracking, we observed a small but consistent gaze offset toward the blind field during passive fixation, which disappeared during a high-acuity central task. Despite this offset, fixation precision in both tasks was comparable, and it was similar between CB patients and age-matched controls. Curiously, the underlying oculomotor dynamics were also similar across the two task conditions: Microsaccades exhibited nonsignificant directional tendencies, while ocular drift was biased away from the blind field. Our findings indicate that the adult oculomotor system dynamically adapts to asymmetric visual injury and/or input. We speculate that the small fixational offsets observed in CB may reflect an attentional pointer toward the blind field and/or a compensatory oculomotor rebalancing that counteracts an asymmetric visual drive following cortical damage. Together, these results reveal a surprising preservation of context-dependent fixation control following early visual cortex damage in adulthood.

Mode of action (MOA) plays an important role in key decisions made in risk assessments, including that for low-dose extrapolation. To support MOA-dependent decisions for 1,4-dioxane (1,4-DX), an independent panel of topic experts evaluated the available evidence on the MOA and human relevance of 1,4-DX tumors reported in rodent studies. The panel considered MOA data on liver tumors in rodents, as well as for other tissue sites (nasal cavity, peritoneal mesothelioma). For liver tumors, the panelists found strongest support for an indirect genotoxic MOA involving metabolic saturation of the enzyme that metabolizes 1,4-DX (CYP2E1), followed by induction of CYP2E1, oxidative stress, cytotoxicity, and regenerative proliferation. Metabolic saturation was identified as an early key event. Although available evidence for nasal and peritoneal tumors was limited, similar non-genotoxic MOAs were considered plausible. For all three tumor types, confidence ratings (scale of -5 to +5) from the panel for the best supported MOAs (+2.5 to +3.3) were significantly higher than the confidence rating for a direct genotoxic MOA (-3.8 to -4.5). The conclusions from this independent panel, which included careful consideration of recently published studies, provide support for use of non-linear extrapolation methods in human health risk assessment for 1,4-DX rodent tumors.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana gambaran implementasi asesmen diagnostik terhadap hasil belajar pada mata pelajaran matematika siswa kelas I di UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu dan untuk mengetahui apakah implementasi asesmen diagnostik berpengaruh terhadap hasil belajar Matematika siswa kelas I UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi linear sederhana dapat digunakan untuk mengetahui arah dari hubungan antara variabel bebas dengan variabel terikat. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa di UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu tahun pelajaran 2024/2025 yang berjumlah 105 siswa. Sampel pada penelitian ini menggunakan jenis Non probability sampling dengan teknik Purposive sampling yang berjumlah 25 siswa. Teknik pengumpulan data dengan wawancara, tes dan dokumentasi. Analisis data pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan bantuan program SPSS. Hasil penelitian memberikan kesimpulan (1) Hasil analisis deskriptif gambaran penelitian pada implementasi asesmen diagnostik dan hasil belajar pada mata pelajaran matematika siswa kelas I UPT SD Negeri 9 Kecamatan Binamu menunjukkan bahwa nilai rata-rata asesmen diagnostik diperoleh pada kategori cukup dan nilai rata-rata pada mata pelajaran Matematika diperoleh adalah sedang. (2) Hasil analisis data asesmen diagnostik terhadap hasil belajar pada mata pelajaran Matematika diperoleh nilai yang signifikan lebih kecil dari nilai probabilitas. Maka H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima, artinya koefisien analisis data signifikan. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa, terdapat pengaruh pada implementasi asesmen diagnostik terhadap hasil belajar pada mata pelajaran Matematika siswa kelas I UPT SD Negeri 9 Kecamatan Binamu, Kabupaten Jeneponto. This study aims to determine the description of the implementation of diagnostic assessments on learning outcomes in mathematics subjects for grade I students at UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu and to determine whether the implementation of diagnostic assessments affects the learning outcomes of Mathematics for grade I students at UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu. This study is a quantitative study with a simple linear regression analysis technique that can be used to determine the direction of the relationship between the independent variable and the dependent variable. The population in this study were all students at UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu in the 2024/2025 academic year totaling 105 students. The sample in this study used the Non-probability sampling type with Purposive sampling technique totaling 25 students. Data collection techniques with interviews, tests and documentation. Data analysis in this study was carried out with the help of the SPSS program. The results of the study provide conclusions (1) The results of the descriptive analysis of the research description on the implementation of diagnostic assessments and learning outcomes in mathematics subjects for grade I students at UPT SD Negeri 9 Binamu District show that the average value of the diagnostic assessment was obtained in the sufficient category and the average value in the Mathematics subject was obtained was moderate. (2) The results of the diagnostic assessment data analysis on learning outcomes in Mathematics subjects obtained a value that was significantly smaller than the probability value. So H0 is rejected and H1 is accepted, meaning that the data analysis coefficient is significant. So it can be concluded that there is an influence on the implementation of diagnostic assessments on learning outcomes in Mathematics subjects of grade I students of UPT SD Negeri 9, Binamu District, Jeneponto Regency.

Current analytical theories of recirculating flow in single-screw extruders consider only cross-channel flow in channels of infinite width with only one exception. Proper analysis of recirculating flow requires inclusion of normal velocities and the effect of finite channel width. More broadly, this paper presents an analytical description of lid-driven cavity flow—one of the most frequently studied flows in fluid dynamics. Expressions for velocities and flow rates for Newtonian fluids are obtained that satisfy the balance equations. These expressions have been compared to results of numerical analyses with good agreement. Flow rates and velocities are displayed with 3D surface plots and contour plots. These plots provide better insight into the flow behavior than 2D graphs. We have analyzed flow in slit channels with width much greater than the height () and flow in a square channel (). The vortex center (stagnation point) in a slit channel is located at normal coordinate . The vortex center in a square channel is located at . These analytical results allow for the development of better analytical models for melt temperature distribution, mixing, and devolatilization in single-screw extruders.

<title>Abstract</title> Background The complex historical phenomenon known as Greek colonization refers to the strategic establishment of new settlements (colonies) from the 8th to the early 4th century BCE. Unlike earlier migrations, this process was planned and driven by the need to expand trade, access resources, and develop economic as well as political networks. Corinth, a prominent commercial center in southern Greece, constitutes a prominent example for initiating colonization. By founding colonies, Corinth established a safe and continuous route for moving goods along the coasts of western mainland Greece and the Adriatic. Amvrakia was one of Corinth’s principal colonies along this route in northwestern Greece. Founded in the 7th century BCE, Amvrakia was characterized by a strong dependence on its metropolis (Corinth). Here, we aim to investigate the genetic relationships between the Corinthian metropolis and the Amvrakia colony, the contribution of the local population to the founding genetic pool, as well as the demography of Amvrakia in subsequent periods. Results During its foundation in the Archaic period, Amvrakia appears to have been shaped by genetic influences from a single source. This source migrated from the Corinth territory, represented by the Archaic Tenea population and is supported via an Identity By Descent (IBD) analysis. A direct ancestry from Late Bronze Age (LBA) Greece, including a local LBA population represented by the Ammotopos site located in close proximity to Amvrakia, was not inferred despite conducting a plethora of independent population genomics analyses. During the subsequent Classical and Hellenistic periods, the population of Amvrakia appears to have only slightly differentiated and evidence of genetic continuity over time is observed. Conclusions The migration of Corinthians to Amvrakia was the major contributor to the initial genetic pool of the colony, indicating that the Corinthian colonization included both genetic and cultural transmission between the metropolis and its colony.

Device variability in high-volume manufacturing is intrinsic in many technologies. Such is the case in lithium-ion battery cells, where cell-to-cell electrochemical variations impact cell-to-pack integration and battery management system. Here, we combine computer vision and 120-second X-ray computed tomography (CT) across 295 commercial 21700 cylindrical cells to explain and predict electrochemical performance variability, both at the beginning and end of life. Surprisingly, the cell electrochemical performances (varying by 0.51 % in capacity and energy, by 4.32 % in power, and by 10.6 % in cycle life) correlate strongly to a single descriptor: eccentricity of the cylindrical steel cans (absolute values variations &lt;0.99 %). Through interpretable machine learning, these fast CT predict variations in energy and power throughout aging without any electrochemical cycling data. This work illustrates the utility of computer vision and explainable machine learning for revealing causal links between the internal structures of complex devices and their performance and aging, in the case of batteries, without needing electrochemical characteristics as input.