Export–Import Bank of Korea

With globalization, historical blocks have emerged ascribing a vital place to globalization and the worldwide integration of capital. Those blocks asserted globalization’s unquestionable acceptance and supported and advocated it. Consequently, developing countries, including Turkey, started to adopt policies to promote foreign direct investment via different incentives to eradicate the lack of capital and technology in the 1980s. Turkey presents those support to those multinational companies across a variety of industries, including automobile, chemicals, and energy. In fact, Turkish exports have risen more than seventy-five-fold, reaching 225 billion dollars in 2021, compared to 1980. Those multinational companies also played a major role in this increase. The share of those companies’ exports in total export was approximately 18 percent between 2007 and 2017. However, their share commenced declining in 2019 which fell to 12 percent in 2021. Besides examining the top ten exporters of Turkey in 2021, we see that half of them are multinational companies, operating in the automotive sector. Moreover, the said sector was the leading exporter for more than 15 years till 2022. Assessing the foreign trade figures of those multinationals in the automotive sector, we see that their imports are also large, particularly those from their production centers. Such that they import approximately 70 units against 100 units of exports. This phenomenon severely deteriorates the current account balance of Turkey.

A surety bond is a three-party agreement between the contractor, the employer, and the surety in which surety ensures the contractor can fulfill the obligations regarding the contract against the employer. However, the usage of surety bonds in Turkey are quite different from USA and Europe. They are utilized in the place of letter of guarantee. Especially for the contractors with collateral shortage, the surety bond is much more advantageous than the bank letter of guarantee for the contractors since the surety bond does not reduce their credit limits within the banks. Thus, this paper aims to reveal the benefits of surety and targets increasing the awareness of surety bonds in Turkey.

The status of online communities for clients of professional architectural services has been explored only rarely, although various communities have been established autonomously. These communities have faced challenges regarding the reliability of information and incentives for sustainable involvement of members. These concerns can be tackled by facilitating a community embracing socially embedded human actions and virtual markets in which recommendations are powerful for promoting sustainable information streams. This study aims to provide a theoretical framework to implement a structured online community in which trustworthy information are shared in sustainable manner by cultivating social actions in relationship. A preliminary investigation into the opinions of a specific group of professional architectural service clients in existing online communities is conducted. Based on relevant findings, a prototype of a structured online community, which systematizes information flows, involvement of service providers, and evaluation of service quality is developed. A main survey provides insight of clients on the motivation to upload information, usefulness of information, and expected customer power in the structured online community.