Ez-Zitouna University

The development of the metaverse as a new digital interaction space has given rise to increasingly complex legal challenges regarding the protection of personal data and virtual assets. This situation demonstrates the regulatory gap between countries in responding to the dynamics of the global digital economy. This study examines the comparison of regulations on personal data protection and virtual asset protection in the United States, China, and South Korea, and identifies lessons that can be applied to the Indonesian legal system. Utilizing a normative legal research method through a comparative approach, this study examines primary and secondary legal sources, including laws, national policies, and digital legal doctrines, in each country. The results show that the United States applies a liberal sectoral regulatory model, China adopts a centralistic model based on state control, while South Korea develops a hybrid model that balances innovation and legal protection. The comparative analysis reveals gaps in institutional aspects, regulatory integration, and legal recognition of activities and assets in the metaverse. The results of the study indicate that Indonesia should adopt an adaptive legal framework that comprehensively integrates personal data and virtual asset protection as a guiding principle for ius constituendum in establishing a safe, equitable, and globally competitive metaverse governance.

يهدف هذا البحث إلى مقاربة مُتصوَّر الصداقة في رسائل إخوان الصفاء باعتباره نموذجًا لإيتيقا السياسة وبناء الاجتماع الإنساني في التراث الإسلامي ولبلوغ هذه الغاية اعتمدنا منهجًا تحليليًّا تأويليًّا ذا بعد تاريخي وقسّمنا العمل إلى تأطير تاريخي وفكري لجماعة إخوان الصّفاء ثم مُتصوّر الصداقة في مدونة الرسائل فسياسة الأصدقاء وقد أفضى البحث إلى إدراك صوْغ إخوان الصّفاء مُتصوّرًا صميمًا ضبَط الشكل الأمثل لرابطة الصداقة ما يجعل مقالتهم فيها ومذهبهم في التآلف والمصاحبة من أبلغ ما خلّفه السجل التراثي في هذا الباب كما خلُصنا إلى أنّ المنْزع الأخلاقي عندهم شرطٌ أساسٌ لاتّخاذ الأصدقاء مع تطويق الجماعة بشروط إيتيقيّة صارمة وبهذا وُفّق إخوان الصّفاء في المناسبة بين الممارسة والفكرة بناءً لاجتماع إنساني سرّي ينتظم في بنية هيكليّة دقيقة مدارها الالتزام بقواعد سلوكية متينة.

This study examines the alignment between Pancasila values and religious moderation in Indonesia's criminal law reform. The old Criminal Code, inherited from the colonial era, has been criticized for its lack of social justice and religious freedom. The key problem addressed is how the new Criminal Code can embody Pancasila values while preventing religious radicalism and extremism. Observations focus on articles in the old code that are seen as unresponsive to human rights and plurality. A juridical-normative approach is employed, analyzing the new Criminal Code's relationship with Pancasila and religious moderation principles. The analysis includes primary legal documents, such as the new Criminal Code, and relevant secondary literature. Philosophical, historical, and normative methods are used to develop legal logic aligned with Pancasila, aiming to solve the problem of religious intolerance. The results indicate that the new Criminal Code introduces significant reforms to protect religious freedom, focusing on preventing radicalism and enhancing rehabilitative sanctions. These reforms represent a major step towards a more inclusive and just legal system. The conclusion drawn is that the new Criminal Code is expected to harmonize criminal law with Pancasila values and religious moderation, providing more humanistic and preventive approaches to religious issues. This research contributes by offering a new perspective on criminal law reform that emphasizes national values and presents a legal model more suited to Indonesia’s diverse society.

This article explores Tunisia’s transformation a decade after the Arab Spring in the social, political, legal, and educational fields. The methods used include qualitative descriptive analysis and social history. Data was collected through heuristic methods, utilizing online sources about Tunisia, such as scientific articles, journalistic reports, dissertations, and reports from international institutions. This article demonstrates that the transformation in Tunisia’s socio-political, legal, and educational sectors is not only dynamic, reflecting the principles of a modern and democratic state, but also indicates a tendency to strengthen the stability of both the government and the state. Tunisia implemented new constitutional reforms in 2022 and transformed the education sector by improving both the quality and infrastructure of education. Based on these find- ings, the article concludes that a country’s transformation, including that of Tunisia, is determined by the dynamics of its socio-cultural, political, legal, and educational structures.

Abstract: Cash waqf has become an increasingly significant instrument in supporting social and economic development in Indonesia. Laznas Yakesma of the Riau Islands is among the institutions engaged in the collection and management of cash waqf. This study aims to analyze the governance of cash waqf at Laznas Yakesma Kepri by evaluating the gap between the fulfillment of sharia objectives and adherence to national positive law. The research specifically assesses the extent to which nāẓir practices correspond with the principles of maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, particularly ḥifẓ al-māl, and examines avenues for strengthening governance models to ensure alignment with the prevailing legal framework. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design is utilized. Primary data were collected through observation and semi-structured interviews with nāẓir representatives, while secondary data were sourced from waqf regulations as well as academic literature. Findings indicate that Yakesma Kepri has maintained the integrity of the waqf’s principal value, developed funds productively via a catering business, and disbursed resulting benefits to beneficiaries. These practices are indicative of the application of ḥifẓ al-māl and the socio-economic objectives of Islamic law. Nonetheless, inconsistencies remain regarding positive legal requirements, notably the lack of official certificates from Islamic financial institutions, insufficient protection via Islamic insurance, and limited digital systems and reporting to BWI. This study recommends enhanced collaboration between nāẓir, Islamic financial institutions, and Islamic insurance companies, together with the development of digital systems for fundraising, reporting, and transparency in cash waqf management. An integrated governance model is anticipated to foster more modern, accountable, and sustainable cash waqf management. Abstrak: Wakaf uang memainkan peran yang semakin penting dalam mendorong pembangunan sosial dan ekonomi di Indonesia. Salah satu lembaga yang aktif dalam penghimpunan dan pengelolaan wakaf uang adalah Laznas Yakesma Kepulauan Riau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis tata kelola wakaf uang di Laznas Yakesma Kepri dengan menyoroti kesenjangan antara pencapaian tujuan syariah dan kepatuhan terhadap hukum positif nasional. Fokus kajian diarahkan pada sejauh mana praktik nāẓir sejalan dengan prinsip maqāṣid asy-syarī‘ah, khususnya ḥifẓ al-māl, serta bagaimana model tata kelola dapat diperkuat agar sesuai dengan kerangka hukum yang berlaku. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain deskriptif-analitis. Data primer diperoleh melalui observasi dan wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan pihak nāẓir, sedangkan data sekunder bersumber dari peraturan perundang-undangan wakaf serta berbagai literatur akademik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Yakesma Kepri telah berhasil menjaga keutuhan nilai pokok wakaf, mengembangkan dana secara produktif melalui usaha katering, dan menyalurkan hasilnya kepada penerima manfaat. Praktik tersebut mencerminkan implementasi prinsip ḥifẓ al-māl dan tujuan sosial-ekonomi syariah. Namun, masih terdapat sejumlah ketidaksesuaian dengan ketentuan hukum positif, antara lain belum diterbitkannya sertifikat resmi oleh Lembaga Keuangan Syariah, belum adanya perlindungan melalui asuransi syariah, serta keterbatasan sistem digital dan pelaporan kepada BWI. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya penguatan kolaborasi antara nāẓir, Lembaga Keuangan Syariah, dan perusahaan asuransi syariah, disertai pengembangan sistem digital dalam proses penghimpunan, pelaporan, dan transparansi pengelolaan wakaf uang. Model tata kelola yang terintegrasi ini diharapkan dapat mewujudkan pengelolaan wakaf uang yang lebih modern, akuntabel, dan berkelanjutan.

تتناول هذه الدراسة وتفحص مخطوطة نادرة في مجال أصول الفقه للسيدي بن إسحاق الحميدي (ت 913 ه) ، والتي تناقش تحديدا متطلبات المذهب الحنفي في تحديد وجود العلات (الأسباب الشرعية) بشكل عام قبل إجراء القياسات. تهدف هذه الدراسة من خلال المنهج اللغوي والتحليل التاريخي المفاهيمي إلى الكشف عن إطار التفكير والديناميكيات الداخلية داخل المذهب الحنفي فيما يتعلق بإشكالية القيامة. تتم عملية التحكيم بعناية من خلال الرجوع إلى المخطوطة الأولية ومقارنتها بالأدب الثانوي الموثوق به ، وهي مجهزة بمقدمة تحليلية وسيرة ذاتية موجزة للمؤلف. تظهر نتائج الدراسة أن هناك اختلافات كبيرة في فهم علماء الحنفية فيما يتعلق بمتطلبات العلاة، مما يثير توترات معرفية في إطار عسولية المذهب. تؤكد مساهمة الحميدي على تعقيد وعمق دراسات الشريعة الإسلامية الكلاسيكية التي غالبا ما يتم تجاهلها في الخطاب المعاصر. تسلط هذه النتائج الضوء على أهمية المراجعة النقدية للأدبيات الكلاسيكية من أجل تنشيط طريقة سياقية وسريعة الاستجابة للاستنبات القانونية

This paper aims to conduct a Shariah classification of various financing transactions granted to Tunisian commercial institutions listed on the stock exchange by Tunisian banks, whether Islamic or conventional. This classification consists of a Shariah automated audit issued from the artificial intelligence based on a set of Islamic financial jurisprudential principles to verify compliance in banking transactions. The study maintains complete objectivity and neutrality toward all banks, regardless of their affiliations and orientations The results indicate that the Logistic Regression Model proved to be the most effective, as it generated the lowest margin of error. However, the Islamic legitimacy of financing primarily depends on factors such as productive work, the principle of profit loss sharing, balance between money and goods, and the avoidance of debt-based trading. These artificial intelligence models can be programmed into computerized systems, making them automated and capable of real-time auditing

Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a tool with great potential to change the way we teach and learn, especially in the context of language learning. This article discusses the various benefits and challenges associated with integrating AI into education. By leveraging AI technology, teachers can create more personalized and adaptive learning experiences, uniquely tailored to each student's needs and abilities. In addition, AI can enhance the effectiveness of learning by providing real-time feedback and automated assessments, helping students develop their speaking and writing skills. However, challenges such as data privacy and the need for clear policies must be addressed to ensure the effective and ethical application of AI-based tools. More systematic research and assessment is needed to understand the impact of AI on student learning outcomes and to build trust between teachers and other stakeholders.

This study addresses the prediction of stock pledge defaults using machine learning techniques, a crucial topic in the field of economics and finance. Specifically, the study aims to develop models capable of identifying the risks associated with stock pledge defaults, thereby enabling investors and lenders to make informed financial decisions. The dataset used consists of 1,442 entries and 62 columns, including financial indicators such as pledge ratios, stock volatility, and returns. The results showed that using machine learning algorithms like K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Support Vector Classifier (SVC), and Decision Tree (DT) resulted in high accuracy in predicting defaults. These models demonstrated excellent performance, achieving accuracy rates of up to 99% in some cases, reflecting the ability of these techniques to handle complex financial data more effectively than traditional methods. This study contributes to the literature on financial risk prediction by providing an advanced framework that utilizes machine learning techniques, thus enhancing the understanding of the factors influencing stock pledge defaults. The study also highlights the importance of addressing data imbalance, opening new avenues for future research in this field.

This article analyses the responses of Basyūnī ‘Imrān (1885-1976), a muftī (jurisconsult) and qādhī (judge) with the title Mahārāja Imām (highest religious official) in the Sambas Sultanate, to the debates surrounding the determination of the beginning of Ramaḍān and Eid al-Fitr at the turn of the twentieth century. The differences arose from conflicting claims of accuracy between two methods, ḥisāb (astronomical calculations) and ruʾyah (physical sighting of the moon), in determining the start of the lunar month among Muslims. Concerned about these issues, Basyūnī ‘Imrān addressed them in his manuscript written in Arabic-Malay (known as Aksara Jawī), titled Ḥusn al-Jawāb ‘an Ithbāt al-Ahillah bi al-Ḥisāb (1933). By employing a historical approach and content analysis of the manuscript, the authors find that Basyūnī ‘Imrān favoured the ḥisāb method for determining the start of the lunar month. In addition to referencing Sūrah al-Raḥmān verse 5, Sūrah Yūnus verse 5, and a hadith narrated by Imām Mālik, Basyūnī ‘Imrān also considered the geographical and social conditions of Muslims to standardise the observance of fasting and Islamic festivals in the Sultanate of Sambas and its surroundings. He argued that differences in determining the start of the lunar month should not lead to divisions among Muslims, as both methods are grounded in the same theological principles. This finding contributes to the history of Islamic legal thought in Indonesia by providing evidence of scholarly efforts to standardise the determination of the lunar month during his tenure as Mahārāja Imām in the Sultanate of Sambas from 1913 to 1976. [Artikel ini menganalisis respons Basyūnī ‘Imrān (1885-1976), muftī dan qādhī yang bergelar Mahārāja Imām di Kesultanan Sambas, terhadap polemik perbedaan dalam penentuan awal puasa Ramadhan dan hari raya Idul Fitri pada awal abad kedua puluh. Perbedaan tersebut disebabkan saling klaim kebenaran metode, antara ḥisāb dan ruʾyah, dalam penentuan awal bulan Qomariyah di kalangan umat Islam. Prihatin terhadap peristiwa tersebut, Basyūnī ‘Imrān meresponsnya sebagaimana yang tertuang dalam manuskrip berbahasa Arab-Melayu (dikenal sebagai Aksara Jawī) yang berjudul, Ḥusn al-Jawāb ‘an Ithbāt al-Ahillah bi al-Ḥisāb (1933). Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sejarah dan analisis konten manuskrip, para penulis menemukan bahwa Basyūnī ‘Imrān cenderung menggunakan metode ḥisāb dalam penentuan awal bulan Qomariyah. Selain merujuk pada Sūrah al-Raḥmān ayat 5, Sūrah Yūnus ayat 5, dan sebuah hadis yang diriwayatkan oleh Imām Mālik, Basyūnī ‘Imrān juga mempertimbangkan kondisi geografis dan sosial umat Islam untuk menyeragamkan pelaksanaan ibadah puasa dan hari raya Islam di Kesultanan Sambas dan sekitarnya. Menurutnya, perbedaan dalam penentuan awal bulan tersebut tidak boleh menimbulkan perpecahan di antara umat Islam, karena kedua metode tersebut berlandaskan pada dasar teologi yang sama. Temuan ini berkontribusi terhadap sejarah pemikiran hukum Islam di Indonesia dengan memberikan bukti adanya pemikiran ulama yang berupaya menyeragamkan penentuan awal bulan Qomariyah yang diterapkannya ketika menjabat sebagai Mahārāja Imām di Kesultanan Sambas pada tahun 1913 sampai 1976.]