Fédération Générale du Travail de Belgique

Abstract This paper presents a legal-economic analysis of the World Trade Organization's Article 22.6 arbitration report on the dispute over certain United States’ antidumping methodologies. The Arbitrator sought to quantify the damages suffered by China due to US non-compliance with an earlier ruling. The case covered 25 antidumping duty determinations for which at least one of three methodologies (weighted average-to-transaction; single rate presumption; and zeroing) was incorrectly applied. Damage calculations rely heavily on how the counterfactual is defined – what would have been the duty had it not been for the inconsistent measures? The Arbitrator deemed a zero-duty counterfactual to be appropriate, but the justifications were in our view weak and illustrate the danger of an Arbitrator essentially performing re-litigation of violations that may or may not have occurred in the administrative investigations. We conclude that the Arbitrator may have gone above and beyond its mandate in this determination.

The case of China against the European Union at the World Trade Organisation on market economy treatment and the consequent use of the analogue country methodology against Chinese producers and exports in anti-dumping investigations has brought about unease in political and legal circles. The European Union, in the interim, has put forth a new methodology, which allows the European Commission to rely on third country and international benchmarks in case where “significant distortions” are found in the exporting country. While this new methodology does away with the classification of Members as market or non-market economies, it is argued that the new methodology of the European Union presents the earlier law in a new form. This chapter examines the nuances of the new anti-dumping legal framework introduced by the European Union and provides a critical analysis of the EU law vis-a-vis China.

On 9 November 2016, the European Commission (Commission) finally presented its long-awaited proposal on how to calculate normal value in anti-dumping proceedings involving Chinese producers post-11 December 2016. Although projected as supposedly “neutral” in terms of its application ratione territoriae, the text, context and its expected implementation indicate that the claimed neutrality is just a fig leaf. As was of course perfectly foreseeable, the proposal did not make it through the co-decision procedure (Article 294 Treaty on the Functioning of the EU) in time and, equally foreseeable, China initiated a World Trade Organization (WTO) dispute settlement proceeding against the European Union (EU) on 12 December 2016 (Request for consultations by China, European Union—Measures related to price comparison methodologies, G/ADP/D116/1, G/L/1170, WT/DS516/1, 12 December 2016.). After protracted negotiations, on 3 October 2017, the Council and the European Parliament agreed on a compromise proposal which was eventually adopted by both the institutions and will shape the EU’s new approach in anti-dumping cases against China, and possibly other countries, in the years to come. However, the WTO-compatibility of the new provisions is questionable as discussed in this article.

The July 1976 SMPTE Journal celebrated television's technological growth and development with a time line and article (“101 Years of Television Technology”) by Richard S. O'Brien and Robert B. Monroe that depicted and described significant milestones between 1875 and 1976. In celebration of the Society's 100th anniversary, the authors wish to continue that time line to cover the 40 years that have passed since publication of the O'Brien and Monroe article.

C’est sous forme d’un petit voyage maritime que nous vous invitons à découvrir qui dirige les négociations transatlantiques, et dans quelle direction nous emmène ce navire ressemblant, peut-être, un peu trop au Titanic…

Que change pour ses utilisateurs le développement de l’autocar longue distance organisé à titre libre ? Cet article dresse les grandes lignes de la réglementation des droits des passagers européens, déjà applicable en France, dont il faut cependant préciser qu’elle ne s’applique qu’à des parcours au-delà de 250 kilomètres.

This work demonstrates the need for updated review of the mechanism of mass transport in the human cornea, to understand the deterioration of visual acuity and plan your recovery. It is the conclusion of a work for ten years for recovery of presbyopia of the first author, through exercise the extra-ocular and ciliary muscles. It is shown that intraocular pressure varies according to the direction of the visual axis and that this variation is part of the mechanism of forced convection for the transport of nutrients and drainage of secretions metabolic in cornea. In both eyes, seven pressure measurements are proposed at intervals of one hour, with the non-contact tonometer: The first measurement in the initial condition; The second measurement after relaxation of the eyes; The following measurement after an activity with the attachment point near of the two eyes; The last four are proposed out after two activities, in the limit of the direction of the right border and, also, in the limit of the direction of the left border of the field of binocular vision, considering the two alternatives near and far from the eyes. The oblique muscles contraction causes a reduction in the anterior chamber volume and, consequently, the intraocular pressure increases, however, when the oblique muscles relax the opposite occurs. It is considered that, after an hour, the intraocular pressure reaches dynamic equilibrium. To measure the pressure, the equilibrium condition of the anterior chamber volume is changed, the system undergoes a new transient dynamic. There should be no change in intraocular pressure equilibrium during one day, unless because of an external factor. To collect the data, it is proposed to use the system eye of the first author who has good binocular vision.

There has been much debate concerning how consumption has become the core trigger for change within contemporary society. In this sense, it is believed that, in contemporary times, it is through consumption that identities are formed, emphasizing that it is not the consumed object that has the ability to express identities but what which it represents. Thus, it is possible to deduce that the consumption of brands is a mainstay of the construction of identities. Assuming the premise that the self is a social construction wrought in the otherness and that in social interactions this construction goes through a continuous process of alignment (footing) The present study aimed to understand how consumers align their self while turn to brands as symbolic resources. With this in mind, we have developed this exploratory study. For such, an ethnography of communication was undertaken through participant observation of people daily interaction of different social groups. Our results indicate the self alignment through twenty four brand activities. At the end, we analyze implications of our study for the academy as for the brand management. Key words: Brands. Consumption. Footing. Self. Ethnography of communication.

The objective of this paper is to examine how the phenomenon of mass customization is being undertaken in the civil construction sector. Therefore, the research strategy adopted was a multiple-case study, which was carried through in two companies. The main technique adopted for the data collect consisted in semi-structured interviews. The analysis of the data occurred in five different phases. When analyzing the actions undertaken in the customization process, it was evidenced that the companies present different stages of customization. The use of technologies such as Drywall and PEX lead to customization and increase the flexibility of the facilities. The selection of suppliers and the enterprise of partnerships were also important. Clients demand qualified professionals, with wide vision of the business, apart from a strong integration between the technical and commercial areas. The core difficulties concern the non-accomplishment of deadlines for customization specifications and the high costs of the management of the productive system. It was possible to conclude that, less than mass customization; a pure customization strategy was adopted along with efforts associated to increase the flexibility of the project and of the construction.Key-words: Strategy. Mass customization. Civil construction.