FIKRA

Linguistic rhythm has generally not been considered to realize semantic units.Exceptions are van Leeuwen (1992) and Martinec (1996, 2000, 2002). This articledevelops further Martinec’s hierarchical model of rhythm by relating it to semanticfields. The semantic units realized by rhythmic units in his model are wavesof import, which belong to the textual metafunction (see e.g. Halliday and Matthiessen,2014). They are shown to be mapped onto semantic fields, signalling theirgreater or lesser importance. Import foci fall on those members of the semanticfields which have the most import and thus also attract attention to importantsemantic fields. The two criteria often harmonize with one another and when theydo not, this is explained by textual and lexicogrammatical reasons. The model isalso further developed by the principle of frustrated expectations being added tothe contextual factors from which import is derived.

Tulisan ini akan menggambarkan pemberdayaan anak jalanan yang dilakukan oleh Rumah Singgah. Untuk memperoleh data tersebut tulisan ini menggunakan studi literatur yang berupa kajian konseptual. Hasil tulisan ini melihatkan bahwa program penanganan anak jalanan telah dilakukan yang salah satunya adalah dengan menggunakan, pendekatan Rumah Singgah. Rumah Singgah menggunakan pendekatan centre based program dengan fungsi intervensi rehabilitatif. Meskipun demikian Rumah Singgah juga menggunakan pendekatan community based dan street based yang tercermin dalam beberapa program dan kegiatannya yaitu dengan melakukan pemberdayaan. Pemberdayaan mencakup sasaran yang diharapkan untuk mengatasi permasalahan sosial anak jalanan dengan meningkatkan kemampuan dirinya melalui pendidikan, pelatihan keterampilan dan pendidikan moral. Hal ini diupayakan untuk bisa mendorong dan menstimulasi supaya anak jalanan tersebut bisa mendapatkan hak untuk mendapatkan hidup yang lebih layak, perlindungan, dan bisa menampilkan perilaku positif sesuai dengan norma dan etika yang ada di lingkungan masyarakat. Program pemberdayaan ditujukan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan anak jalanan sehingga mempunyai pengetahuan yang meningkat, dapat mandiri sehingga anak jalanan tidak beraktivitas di jalan lagi.

Aldar Kse is a type of Turkish anecdote that few people have heard of in Turkey.Anecdotes of this type are mostly common among Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Uzbek, Karakalpak, Azerbaijani and Turkmen Turks in the Great Turkestan area.Considered the common heritage of the Turkish world, Aldar Kse, as a deceptive type, directly deals with the relations in the social life in anecdotes with a witty and humorous language.Aldar Kse, who deceived the rulers of the upper class of the society, the rich, the fools, the deceitful people and supernatural beings such as the devil, is a famous type with this aspect.As a matter of fact, scientific studies about Aldar Kse, whose place in the Turkish world has faded in terms of recognizing and promoting its essence, are quite insufficient.In this study, Aldar Kse type was evaluated in outline through the identified Aldar Kse anecdotes and a psychological interpretation was made based on the reflected expressions.

Abstract Eighteen ice experts from nine countries were actively involved in the development of new guidelines for ice actions that are an essential part of the new standard ISO 19906. This paper provides an overview of the methods that are recommended for ice action determination. This standard is based on the limit states design method. Therefore, guidelines are provided for ice actions in four different categories of limit states. Characteristic values of ice actions depend on the limit state concerned and also on the life-safety and consequence categories that are applicable to a structure. As a general principle, design shall be carried out separately for global ice actions, local ice actions and for dynamic ice actions. Operational procedures may be used to reduce ice actions. Ice action scenarios need to be selected by taking account of the specific conditions in the ice regime for which a structure is designed. Data from full scale measurements on instrumented structures were the basis for developing methods for calculating ice actions. These methods are recommended for the practical determination of design ice actions on offshore structures. Both probabilistic and deterministic methods can be used. For many action scenarios, it is useful to consider limit-stress, limit-energy and limit-force mechanisms as well as specific ice failure modes. ISO 19906 provides a variety of methods and formulas that consider these limiting mechanisms and ice failure modes for the determination of global ice actions. Three methods for determining local ice actions in different conditions are provided. Basic modes of dynamic ice actions are described and simple models are provided for vertical and conical structures. 1. Introduction Several surveys of predicted ice actions have been carried out in recent years (Shkhinek et al. (1994); Croasdale (1994) and Timco and Croasdale (2006)). International experts were invited in these surveys to determine ice actions for a few basic scenarios. These studies have revealed little consensus and a wide spread in the predicted values of ice actions. This situation has been a good reason for the development of the new standard ISO 19906, which should significantly reduce the discrepancies in the prediction of ice actions. The new guidelines of ice action determination are provided in the sub-clauses 8.2 and A.8.2 of the new standard. These clauses were written by an international group of eighteen experts from nine countries, as shown in Table 1. The resulting clause is the consensus of these experts. It is well known that formulas on ice action can not be derived directly from first principles. Empirical factors that are obtained from experiments play a very central role in all ice load prediction. The new standard emphasizes the importance of full-scale data.