Federal Criminal Court

En el presente artículo se analiza la desigualdad de género en el acceso a la educación y el mercado laboral en Colombia, con especial énfasis en las mujeres rurales. Aunque desde 2006 se han registrado avances en el “cierre de la brecha de género” en América Latina —como el aumento del 97% al 99,5% en educación y del 58% al 65,7% en participación económica (Hausmann et al., 2006, p. 14; World Economic Forum, 2006, p. 6)— los datos de la CEPAL y la OECD revelan persistentes disparidades entre mujeres urbanas y rurales. Por ejemplo, el 32% de las mujeres jóvenes rurales no estudian ni trabajan, frente al 21% en zonas urbanas (CEPAL, 2023), y la brecha de participación laboral en zonas rurales colombianas alcanza el 29%, en contraste con el 13% en áreas urbanas (OCDE, 2023, p. 8).

Purpose: The framework of the actions of the Peruvian State Contracting Tribunal (TCE), it was proposed to reflect on the causes of the ineffectiveness of the regulatory framework of state contracting processes, seeking to disaggregate them to offer solutions to the problem of increase in the procedural burden in this court. Methodology: A systematic narrative review was carried out using a qualitative research approach. Using Atlas Ti®, 31 categories were obtained, which were grouped into three groups: Factors associated with the origin of the contract, Concomitant measures to the actions of the TCE, and Deficiency of the jurisprudence in support of the rulings of the TCE. Result: It was concluded that, to the extent that it takes time for the integration of administrative management systems and systematization of the information generated by the sources associated with the State Procurement Law to guarantee better processes for updating the regulations, the number of cases that are treated in the TEC would continue to increase. Conclusion: The review and analysis of this work, the authors consulted agree that it is imperative to review and systematize the information generated from the sources associated with the regulations of the state procurement law, as well as the review of the regulatory hierarchies that should be considered to regulate the procedures that are resolved in the TCE.

El inciso 2 del artículo 156 del Código Penal incorpora como supuestos propios del delito de violación, el aprovechamiento de la vulnerabilidad de la víctima o de su incapacidad para resistir, por lo que en este breve estudio se examina el contenido de estos constructos como elementos objetivos normativos del tipo penal, así como también se analiza un factor que les es común y que resulta relevante para la adecuación típica, la existencia de una relación asimétrica de poder entre el sujeto activo y la víctima. 

Il y a dix ans nous avions publié un premier entretien avec Claude Jorda. Force est de constater que ce sujet est toujours d’une brûlante actualité 1 . Le 31 décembre 2017, le Tribunal pénal international pour l’ex-Yougoslavie a fermé ses portes et définitivement cessé d’exister. Claude Jorda en a été le Président de 1999 à 2003. En mai 1993, le Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies a voté la résolution 827 créant ce TPIY alors que le pays est à feu et à sang depuis plus de deux ans. Membre du Conseil de sécurité, la France devait y être représentée. Directeur des services judiciaires au ministère de la Justice de 1982 à 1985, ce juriste est nommé procureur général près la cour d’appel de Bordeaux de 1985 à 1992 puis de celle de Paris de 1992 à 1993. Il est un des juges du TPIY dès janvier 1994 puis Président de la chambre de première instance d’octobre 1995 à novembre 1999, date à laquelle il préside le TPIY jusqu’en février 2003. Il rejoint alors la Cour pénale internationale. Retraité, il est président honoraire de la Cour nationale du droit d’asile. Cette expérience pourrait-elle un jour servir dans le cas syrien ?

La Rivista propone all’interno della sezione “Storia e Memoria” alcuni brani estrapolati dalla Relazione conclusiva della Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia approvata il 18 gennaio 2006. Un documento politico che prende le distanze da quelli precedentemente proposti al lettore, che asserisce l’inesistenza di un legame tra politica nazionale e mafia. A complemento della relazione, riportiamo due passi di orientamento contrario di Giovanni Falcone e Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa. Parole chiave : Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia, mafia e politica, negazionismo, 2006, collusioni. The section “History and Memory” offers a selection of excerpts from the report issued by the Antimafia Commission in 2006. This document distances itself from the papers beforehand proposed to the readers as it supports the theory of the inexistence of the tie between mafia and politics. Furthermore, additional excerpts by Giovanni Falcone and Carlo Alberto dalla Chiesa can be found in the Review, giving the reader an overview about the authors’ different schools of thought. Keywords : Antimafia Commission; mafia and politics; denial; 2006; collusion

Il lavoro si propone di analizzare le origini delle organizzazioni criminali balcaniche con particolare attenzione al rapporto tra guerre e criminalita organizzata. Lo studio cerca innanzi tutto di dimostrare il peso che rivestono i conflitti che hanno portato alla dissoluzione della Jugoslavia negli anni ʼ90, nella crescita delle organizzazioni criminali balcaniche. A tal proposito, evidenzia il ruolo svolto dalle milizie paramilitari e dalle piccole bande criminali lungo i fronti di guerra. In particolare nella gestione delle rotte del contrabbando di armi e del traffico di droga, grazie al frequente sostegno delle corrotte elite politiche. Infine, il saggio illustra la crescita delle organizzazioni criminali balcaniche realizzatasi con il dopoguerra jugoslavo il quale si trasformo nel terreno fertile dell’espansione criminale in tutta l’area balcanica. Nelle conclusioni si sottolinea la rilevanza strategica ottenuta dagli ex membri dei gruppi paramilitari, che diventarono i principali leader delle varie organizzazioni criminali, molti dei quali ancora oggi attivi.

Summary There is a growing consensus that the distribution of species trait values in a community can greatly determine ecosystem processes and services delivery. Two distinct components of community trait composition are hypothesized to chiefly affect ecosystem processes: (i) the average trait value of the species, quantified by community‐weighted mean trait values (CWM; related to the mass ratio hypothesis) and (ii) the degree to which trait values differ between species in a community, quantified by different indices of functional diversity (FD; related to non‐additive community effects). The uncertainty on the relative effect of these two components is stimulating an increasing number of empirical studies testing their effects on ecosystem processes and services delivery. We suggest, however, that the interdependence between CWM and FD poses a challenge on disentangling their relative importance. We present a framework that allows designing experiments to decouple and assess the effects of these two community functional components on ecosystem processes and services. To illustrate the framework, we focused on leaf litter decomposition, as this is an essential process related to important ecosystem services. Using simulations, we applied the framework for plant leaf litter traits (litter nitrogen and phenolic content) that are related to litter decomposition. CWM and FD generally showed a hump‐shaped relationship (i.e. at more extreme CWM values, communities can have only low FD values). Within this relationship, we showed that it is possible to select quasi‐orthogonal combinations of CWM and FD that can be treated statistically. Within these orthogonal CWM and FD combinations, it is also possible to select species assemblages controlling for other community parameters, such as total biomass, total density and species richness. Synthesis. The framework provides a novel approach for designing experiments to decouple the effects of CWM and FD of communities on ecosystem processes, which otherwise cannot be easily disentangled. To apply the framework and design proper experimental layouts, it is essential to have a priori knowledge of the key traits by which species affect ecosystem processes and service delivery.

Abstract Castanea sativa Miller displays a high variability of morphological and ecological traits, vegetative and reproductive habits, nut morphology, wood characteristics, adaptability, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The present range of distribution of the species has been strongly influenced by human migrations and it is thought that Romans played a crucial role in the spread of the cultivation in Europe, although in some areas there is also evidence of local domestication and spontaneous spread of the tree after the last glacial period. In Switzerland chestnut stands are found mostly in the South (Canton Ticino), a region where the debate about the origin of the local germplasm, whether derived from the survival or spontaneous migration of C. sativa on the territory or due to the introduction of the tree during the Roman colonisation, is still open. This study aims contributing to depict the chestnut genetic situation of the species in Canton Ticino as a contribution to the debate about the native character of the species. The study area is located in Switzerland, on the southern slopes of the Alps, where 3 C. sativa populations were sampled and analysed at 9 SSR loci. Populations showed a high degree of diversity, as it is observed in most natural population of tree species: all nine SSR loci were polymorphic (no fixed alleles were detected), and genetic diversity, measured by expected heterozygosity, was high ranging in the populations between 0.647 and 0.721, on average. Results suggest that three homogeneous gene pools contributed to the formation of the 3 populations sampled. The genetic germplasm structuring of the analysed chestnut stands is very mild as confirmed by the relatively low level of genetic differentiation and divergence observed among sites.

The execution and supervision of a restraining order in cases of Domestic Violencepresent various legal and administrative problems which judges, prosecutorsand police forces have to deal with daily. Certainly, stricter requirementsto justify the pronouncement of such orders and better regulations onagreement over the use of technological tools and fi xing the minimum safetydistance for the victim constitute signifi cant progress in overcoming theseproblems. But diffi culties are also found in monitoring compliance with therestraining order when the sentence under which it was issued is impugned,and in deciding whether its issue as a cautionary measure during proceedingsmay be set towards the period of restraint handed down in the fi nal sentence.Finally the legal relevance of the victim’s willingness to countenancean approach when protected by a restraining order, and the precise problemobserved in the appropriate interpretation of contempt of article 240 of theCivil Proceedings Code, make it necessary to go more deeply into the particularcharacteristics which this offence presents in situations of domestic violence,to develop a more integrated interpretation which will help to makethe law more fl exible in reacting to infringement of an order when toleratedand/or accepted by the victim.