Forskning.no (Norway)

Historisk har det i stor grad vært samsvar mellom Norges og EUs energipolitikk. Likevel henger Norge et par runder bak EU i å innlemme regelverk i denne sektoren. Hvorfor har det oppstått et slik implementeringsetterslep? Basert på implementeringsteori og innsikt i litteratur om utviklingen og debatter i energisektoren, redegjør vi for hvorfor energisamarbeidet med EU er krevende for Norge. Implementeringsetterslepet kan enten forklares med utilstrekkelig administrativ kapasitet eller med politisk begrunnet forsinkelse. Vi finner at selv om norsk offentlig forvaltning er under press fordi EU har økt hyppigheten på EU-regelverksoppdateringer og fordi regelverkene er blitt mer omfattende og sektorovergripende, er hovedårsakene til etterslepet i energisektoren politiske. Det politiske ordskiftet rundt implementering av EUs energiregelverk er polarisert i Norge. Mens landet er forpliktet til å innlemme EØS-relevant regelverk, brukes forsinket innlemmelse til å utsette vanskelige politiske forhandlinger som er svært splittende i befolkningen. Abstract in EnglishWhy Norway has a Large Implementation Backlog in the Energy SectorHistorically, Norway’s energy policy has largely aligned with that of the EU. Nevertheless, Norway has not transposed several consecutive packages of EU energy regulation. Seeking to answer the questions why such a delay in implementation has occured, we draw on insights from implementation literature and on developments and debates in the energy sector. We show that energy cooperation with the EU poses challenges for Norway. The lag in implementation can be attributed either to insufficient administrative capacity or to politically motivated delays. We find that Norwegian public administration is under pressure due to the EU’s increased frequency of regulatory updates and the growing complexity and cross-sectoral nature of these regulations; however, the main causes of delays in the energy sector are political. The political discourse surrounding the implementation of EU energy regulations is polarised. While the country is obligated to incorporate EEA-relevant regulations, delayed incorporation is used as a strategy to postpone difficult political negotiations that are highly divisive among the population.

Forskning på lek i arbeidslivet har primært fokusert på kreativitet og innovasjon i yrker med høyere utdanning. Dette har ført til en slagside i litteraturen, der andre former for lek har vært mindre belyst. Denne artikkelen har en utforskende tilnærming og undersøker hva arbeidstakere i ulike yrker og med ulikt utdanningsnivå forstår som lek på jobb. Basert på 16 kvalitative intervjuer analyserer vi informantenes egne beskrivelser av lek og hvordan de knytter begrepet til sine yrkeserfaringer. Funnene viser at informantenes beskrivelser kan forstås gjennom tre ulike typer: lek som kreativitet, der lek knyttes til idéutvikling, særlig blant informanter i kontorbaserte yrker; lek som relasjonsarbeid, der lek beskrives å skape tillit i møte med klienter, særlig i omsorgsyrker; og lek som humor, der lek forstås som latter og god stemning på arbeidsplassen, særlig i praktiske serviceyrker. Et annet sentralt skille i materialet var mellom de som beskrev lek som en del av selve jobben, for eksempel når den bidro til å løse konkrete oppgaver, og de som knyttet lek til det som skjer ved siden av arbeidet, som en måte å skape trivsel på, ta avstand fra det seriøse og gjøre arbeidsdagen lettere å gjennomføre. Gjennom vår utforskende studie får vi altså øye på nye aspekter ved lek i arbeidslivet på en måte som utvider samtalen om lek blant voksne. Studien åpner dermed for en bredere og mer nyansert forståelse av lek på jobb.

Denna rapport är resultatet av ett uppdrag från Boverket inom ramen för Boverkets regeringsuppdrag ”Verktyg för statistik och analys på områdesnivå”. Uppdraget var att ta fram ett kunskapsunderlag kring hur intersektionella perspektiv kan stärka arbetet i landet för att främja jämlika livsvillkor. Intersektionalitetsbegreppet är ett redskap som kan bidra till att öka kunskapen om hur jämlika livsvillkor kan uppnås för alla individer. Denna rapport riktar sig till dem som arbetar med samhällsutveckling kopplat till människors livsmiljö, oavsett sektor. Rapporten utgår från forskning men är relevant för praktiken för att utveckla kunskapsbaserade rutiner. Rapporten kan också användas som en utgångspunkt för att reflektera över sin praktik och vilka resultat olika beslut kan få. Arbetet med att främja jämlika livsvillkor är kontinuerligt och kräver ett pågående arbete med att inkludera skilda erfarenheter från livets olika skeden och människors behov.

Siblings of children with chronic disorders are at risk of developing mental health problems. Studies are inconclusive about whether sibling mental health is best predicted by the specific diagnoses of the child with disorder or by transdiagnostic factors. The aims of the present study were (1) to examine if specific diagnoses predicted sibling mental health, and (2) to examine if disorder severity in the child with the chronic disorder predicted sibling mental health. Baseline data from a randomized controlled trial were used. Siblings (aged 8 - 16years) of children with chronic disorders and their parents were recruited from eight municipality and hospital clinics (N = 288). The children with chronic disorders were placed in ICD-10 diagnostic categories based on combined parent report and clinical records. Regression analyses with the most frequent primary diagnoses (ADHD, Asperger syndrome, autism, down syndrome, rare disorders) and a measure of disorder severity as predictors of sibling mental health were run. Father-reported disorder severity predicted sibling-reported internalizing problems and father-reported internalizing and externalizing problems in siblings. Mother-reported disorder severity predicted mother-reported sibling internalizing problems. No single primary diagnosis predicted sibling internalizing or externalizing problems. Disorder severity does to an extent predict sibling mental health, whereas single diagnostic categories do not. Disorder severity may be used to identify siblings at risk and/or in need of interventions. Fathers should be included in assessment and health care for siblings as their reports seem to predict sibling mental health better than the mothers.

Fathers’ parental leave use has often been explained by differing fatherhood ideals among low vs. highly educated fathers. However, recent research reveals that 75% of the educational-level impact stems from workplace differences. Therefore, a deeper understanding of how workplace dynamics interact with both fathers’ ideals and actual leave practices is needed. Drawing on in-depth interviews with Norwegian fathers with and without higher education, we explore how different workplace dynamics, especially the degree of individual competition, interact with fatherhood ideals and fathers’ actual leave practices. We find strong adherence to the idea of ‘involved fatherhood’ and fathers’ quota across educational levels and workplace dynamics but large variation in practices. Our analyses show how childcare responsibility and absence from work responsibility do not necessarily correspond and how formal leave uptake and actual leave practices may differ. Our findings indicate that non-transferable fathers’ leave may dissolve former attitude-based divisions, as fathers across educational levels in collectively organized jobs support and practice child-centered leave. Still, fathers in competitive jobs may continue to practice ‘work-centered fatherhood’ despite their strong gender-egalitarian beliefs and formal leave uptake. Hence, workplace dynamics—especially the degree of individualized competition and the fear of becoming replaceable—may be more relevant than fatherhood ideals to understand and enhance fathers’ actual leave use and involved fatherhood practices.

Chronic illness research has many challenges making research recruitment difficult. Despite reports of facilitators and barriers to research recruitment challenges remain. The reporting of research strategies and their impact on recruitment and subsequent randomised control trials is not sufficient. A newly developed chronic illness research recruitment taxonomy (CIRRT) details factors and elements observed to impact recruitment around the components of Project, People, and Place. This paper aims to use the chronic illness research recruitment taxonomy to report and evaluate the recruitment strategies, impact they had on recruitment, and alterations to an eHealth feasibility study. Retrospective mixed method approach was used to inductively code the research team meeting minutes during the recruitment period. The coding was then abductively matched to the chronic illness research recruitment taxonomy and gaps in the CIRRT noted. Dated coding data were integrated with recruitment progress to explore the impact of research recruitment strategies. Meeting minutes (n=66) were analysed, recruitment strategies identified and matched to CIRRT. The reporting and identification of the recruitment strategies was aided by CIRRT use. By integrating the codes that aligned with CIRRT with recruitment progress was observed to be impacted by staffing and researcher visits. CIRRT may be a useful tool in the evaluation and reporting of research recruitment strategies. Altering the roles of nurses involved and researcher visits to recruiting sites may positively impact on chronic illness research recruitment.

Size at maturity is an important demographic characteristic due to its effect on fecundity. Synchrony in size at maturity across populations suggests similar environmental conditions, mainly through shared feeding grounds. We study such synchrony over 30 years across 187 populations using data from about 200 000 individual Atlantic salmon belonging to four geographic regions in Norway. Synchrony was high among the three southern regions, while the northernmost region had more independent fluctuations. Synchrony among closely separated populations was high, declined with distance, but was still present more than 1000 km apart. In all regions, the general pattern was that size at age was largest in the late 1980s and around 2000 and smallest between 2005 and 2010. Fulton’s condition factor was consistently largest in the North region. Overall, our results are consistent with the known marine distribution, including that the northernmost populations have a reduced migration distance to feeding areas and forage more northeast than the southern populations. The observed synchrony in size at maturity is anticipated to have large-scale demographic consequences by generating synchrony in egg deposition.

Abstract Mothers continue to experience lower wages and slower career progression than fathers. Are mothers penalized due to prejudice or due to the costs of family-friendly work conditions? Our review of experimental studies on motherhood bias reveals a paradox: implicit bias against mothers is evident in many US and European studies, but absent in Scandinavian experimental studies; yet, mothers still face a wage and career gap. We revisit explanations related to social structures and gendered work–family specialization, including Goldin’s theory of exponential rewards for time and availability. By reviewing longitudinal Scandinavian studies and exploring the role of individual competition in particular job markets, we offer a nuanced understanding of flexibility and substitutability. Finally, we outline a shift in the theoretical lens for examining and challenging the wage and career gap—from stereotypes to substitutability structures—and introduce a model predicting the relation between individualized versus collective substitutability structures and the degree of individual and/or gendered costs.

I pædagogisk praksis må vi forholde os til den tid og det samfund vi lever i, og i den antropocæne tidsalder betyder det, at klima- og biodiversitetskrise nu og i fremtiden kommer til at præge vores tilværelse. For at afsøge muligheder for at udvikle fremtidens bæredygtighedspædagogik har vi anvendt participatoriske tilgange til at udvikle et fremtidsværkstedsformat der tager udgangspunkt i deltagernes perspektiver og ønsker i projektet ’Børnepanelet’. Perspektiver på gode børne- og ungeliv nu og i fremtiden, og hvilken rolle bæredygtighed spiller i disse forestillinger, er her skabt af en gruppe 14-15- årige. Vores teoretiske udgangspunkt er posthumanistiske perspektiver, der muliggør intra-aktive tilblivelser af forholdemåder. Vi viser, hvordan et pædagogisk greb, fremtidsværkstedsformat med brug af kreative metoder, skaber rum for fælles udforskning af mulige, bedre fremtider. AbstractThe Children’s panel – a participatory workshop approach to sustainable futures We are living in the Anthropocene, an era where climate crisis and biodiversity crisis are deeply entangled with the human way of living. In pedagogy we need to find new ways to integrate perspectives on the Anthropocene in our everyday practice. In the project the Children’s Panel we work with a group of 14–15-year-old children to investigate how Participatory Design-inspired methods can be employed to study children’s perceptions of sustainability and their wishes for learning about sustainability. With a theoretical onset in posthumanist perspectives we develop a situated approach to becoming together for sustainability-related intra-actions and connections. The methods enable a common articulation of possible futures, exploring possibilities for living better lives in times of climate crisis.