Fryske Akademy

Follow-up of radiologically suspicious lung nodules from screening programs remains complex and unstandardized. This study analyses distribution and characteristics of solid and part-solid non-calcified nodules ≥100mm3 and non-solid nodules ≥8mm detected at baseline in the UK Lung cancer Screening (UKLS) trial, with insights into their relationship to screen-detected lung cancers. UKLS participants with baseline indeterminate and positive lung nodules were included. Nodule location was categorized by lobe and by attachment: intraparenchymal, juxta pleural or pleural-based. Solid and part-solid were classified based on semi-automated volume: 100-300mm3 and ≥300mm3, and non-solid nodules based on diameter ≥8mm. This measurement approach aligns with UKLS protocol and the British Thoracic Society (BTS) guideline. Their relationship to screen-detected lung cancer was based on histological outcomes after a 2-year follow-up period. 279 UKLS participants with 373 solid or part-solid lung nodules ≥100mm3 and 57 participants with 62 nonsolid nodules ≥8mm were included. Among solid and part-solid nodules, 233 were 100-300mm3, with 39.5% in upper lobes and 72.5% intraparenchymal; 140 nodules were ≥300mm3, with 51.4% in upper lobes and 53.6% intraparenchymal. Nodules ≥300mm3 group were more likely to be in the upper lobes (OR 1.97 [95% CI 1.12-3.48]). Within 2years, 34 solid or part-solid nodules were diagnosed as lung cancer, yielding a 2-year cancer probability of 9.1% (95% CI 6.6-12.5). The 2-year lung cancer probability was higher in nodules ≥300mm3 (RR 18.1, 95% CI 5.6-58.4; p<0.001) and in upper lobe nodules (RR 2.7, 95% CI 1.3-5.5; p=0.009). Solid and part-solid nodules with volume ≥300mm3 were more often found in the upper lobes and were associated with a higher probability of lung cancer within a two-year follow-up period.

Abstract This article argues that the stock of personal names in Frisian can be enriched by means of omitting the diminutive suffix in diminutive names. Although suffix subtraction is not a common morphological process, either in general or in Frisian, assuming this process for this particular type of personal name formation provides an insightful and plausible analysis. The analysis also underlines the importance of paradigmatic relations in morphology, as formalized in Construction Morphology.*

Abstract Urbanization threatens the unique biodiversity of the Galápagos Islands; nevertheless, urban green spaces (UGs) may play a crucial role in the recovery of native and endemic species in urban areas. Given the fragile state of the archipelago’s flora, it is crucial to examine how UGs can support plant recovery by improving their ecological quality and accessibility. Research on this topic specific to the Galápagos Islands is limited. In particular, UG planning in Puerto Ayora, the largest city in the archipelago with the highest urbanization rate, requires further investigation. This study aims to explore how UG’s in Puerto Ayora can enhance efforts to the use of native and endemic species by: (1) Examining the spatial distribution of native, endemic and introduced species. (2) Investigating the richness of native and endemic species in UGs related to habitat type and UG size. (3) Assessing the spatial distribution of UGs to determine their effectiveness in facilitating nature interactions and increasing resident support for native and endemic species conservation. The main findings of this study indicate that the ecological quality and accessibility of UGs in Puerto Ayora are limited, and that their current designs may not effectively reintroduce native and endemic species to the landscape. Given the influence of habitat type and UG size on native and endemic species richness, it is of great importance to include these factors in urban expansion projects. In densely built areas where UG expansion is not feasible, the focus should be on converting UGs into green space types that feature a high richness of native and endemic species, such as ecological gardens.

Jeugdgezondheidszorg (JGZ-)organisaties kampen met een tekort aan jeugdartsen. Het doel van dit onderzoek was om inzicht te krijgen in de beroepskenmerken van de jeugdarts en de mate van aantrekkelijkheid van het beroep en aanbevelingen te doen voor werving en behoud van jeugdartsen. Een crosssectioneel onderzoek is uitgevoerd met een digitale vragenlijst over 47 algemene beroepsaspecten van de arts. Aan respondenten is gevraagd in hoeverre zij deze beroepsaspecten van toepassing en aantrekkelijk vonden. Onderzocht is welke verschillen er zijn tussen de (on)toepasselijkheid en (on)aantrekkelijkheid van deze aspecten en tussen jongere en oudere jeugdartsen. Volgens 87 jeugdartsen (respons 56%) zijn de meest aantrekkelijke beroepsaspecten: werken met jonge patiënten, voorkómen van ziekte en communiceren. Minst aantrekkelijk waren: patiënten met terminale aandoeningen, stressvol en onregelmatig werken. Het behandelen, bestrijden van pijn en ongemak, een langdurige behandelrelatie met een cliënt en het begeleiden bij ziekte vonden jeugdartsen erg aantrekkelijk, maar weinig van toepassing op hun beroepsuitoefening. Jongere artsen vonden toepassen van farmacotherapie en het werken in teamverband aantrekkelijker dan oudere, maar vonden dit niet terug in hun beroepsuitoefening. Dit onderzoek geeft inzicht in de aantrekkelijke en minder aantrekkelijke aspecten van het beroep van jeugdarts. De resultaten bieden handvatten voor werving en behoud van jeugdartsen.

Globally, the commitment of companies to Circular Economy (CE) is still limited. Mapping the circular practices performed by companies is a challenging and complex task and few empirical papers have explored CE implementation in companies. Based on interviews and analysis of company reports, we addressed in-depth the implementation of practices, targets, and assessment tools related to CE in ten Swedish companies. Only 10 circular practices out of 21 are implemented in at least 50% of the companies, indicating that the companies have just begun their transition to CE. The most common practices relate to waste reduction and resource efficiency (mainly energy). Barriers to collaboration are competition, keep confidentiality, small company size, lack of interest of other stakeholders, among others. So, there is a potential for increasing collaboration, especially with the municipality. The priority has been emissions reduction targets and the use of climate-focused tools (i.e., carbon footprint) while social aspects and circularity are less explored. We conclude that the monitoring of environmental performance is limited mainly to the use of resources and emissions. The low use of circularity tools is caused mainly by internal barriers such as lack of knowledge and shortage of resources. So, the companies should get more knowledge on CE assessment tools, include social indicators related to circular practices, and set targets for societal impact.<br/>

Abstract The meaning of rarely attested Old Frisian ink ‘angry’ has never been contested in the history of Old Frisian lexicography. For its etymology, on the other hand, scholars have not yet been able to arrive at a satisfactory result. This contribution demonstrates that the adjective ink is related to Old Icelandic økkr ‘lump, heavy clod; tumor, protuberance’ and Modern Swedish ink ‘blood lump, hemorrhoid (with horses)’, reflexes of Proto-Germanic *enkwa- ‘swollen’, related to Latin inguen ‘groin, underbelly’ and Greek ἀδήν ‘gland, swelling’, ultimately descending from Indo-European *h1engw-ó-.

Abstract Vegetation structure monitoring is important for the understanding and conservation of savanna ecosystems. Optical satellite imagery can be used to estimate canopy cover, but provides limited information about the structure of savannas, and is restricted to daytime and clear‐sky captures. Active remote sensing can potentially overcome this. We explore the utility of C‐band synthetic aperture radar imagery for mapping both grassland and woody vegetation structure in savannas. We calibrated Sentinel‐1 VH () and VV () backscatter coefficients and their ratio () to ground‐based estimates of grass biomass, woody canopy volume (&lt;50 000 m3/ha) and tree basal area (&lt;15 m2/ha) in the Greater Serengeti‐Mara Ecosystem, and simultaneously explored their sensitivity to soil moisture. We show that in particular can be used to estimate grass biomass (R2 = 0.54, RMSE = 630 kg/ha, %range = 20.6), woody canopy volume (R2 = 0.69, RMSE = 4188 m3/ha, %range = 11.8) and tree basal area (R2 = 0.44, RMSE = 2.03 m2/ha, %range = 18.6) in the dry season, allowing for the extrapolation to regional scale vegetation structure maps. We also introduce new proxies for soil moisture as an option for extending this approach to the wet season using the 90‐day preceding bounded running averages of the Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station (CHIRPS) and the Multi‐satellitE Retrievals for Global Precipitation Measurement (IMERG) datasets. We discuss the potential of Sentinel‐1 imagery for better understanding of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of vegetation structure in savannas.

The integration of effect-based and chemical profiling has been advocated to assess the potential ecotoxicological risks posed by chemical mixtures present in aquatic ecosystems. However, the concentrations of contaminants in surface waters can vary greatly over time and space, making it challenging to ensure risk assessment. Although the first results are promising, it has not yet been proven that these combined approaches are also capable of capturing temporal variation in aquatic ecotoxicological risks. The present study aimed to test this by combining passive time-integrative sampling with effect-based and chemical-analytical techniques in agricultural waterways. Silicone rubber sheets and polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) were deployed in four agricultural water bodies over four consecutive six-week periods. Passive sampler extracts were analysed using a battery of 22 in vitro and in vivo bioassays in tandem with extensive chemical target analysis of 225 compounds. The extracts induced fluctuating bioassay responses over time for all locations during all sampling periods, highlighting the presence of temporal and spatial variation in toxic pressure. A range of compounds, primarily fungicides and herbicides, were detected in the passive sampler extracts during all sampling periods and at all locations at variable concentrations, highlighting the persistent but variable chemical pressure in surface waters in agricultural regions. However, the toxicity observed in the in vitro bioassays could solely be attributed to detected chemicals in 6% of the cases with those chemicals explaining only 1-16.9% of the observed effects, indicating that these were predominantly caused by undetected chemicals. Risk assessments based on bioassay responses revealed frequent exceedances of effect-based trigger values at all locations and during all sampling periods. It is concluded that effect-based assessments better capture temporal variations in potential ecotoxicological risks than traditional chemical analyses, but that advanced chemical analysis is needed to explain the bioanalytical response profiles.