Future Law

Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical interconnect technology offers an effective solution for addressing the ever-increasing data traffic. Microring modulators (MRMs), owing to their high bandwidth, compact footprint, and inherent wavelength selectivity, have become key building blocks in WDM systems. However, the limited free spectral range (FSR) of MRMs restricts the number of available wavelength channels and the corresponding overall data rate capacity in WDM systems. In this study, we propose an optimized Bezier-bent MRM, in which the device radius is reduced to 3 μm to significantly enhance the FSR. The proposed MRM operates without the need for a DC bias voltage and an RF amplifier, exhibiting a low insertion loss of 0.4 dB, an ultrawide FSR exceeding 4 THz, and a high electro-optic bandwidth of over 110 GHz. Back-to-back (BtB) transmission experiments demonstrate that the modulator supports 400 Gbps PAM-8 data transmission under a driving voltage of only 1 V, satisfying the 7% hard-decision forward error correction (HD-FEC) bit-error-rate (BER) threshold of 3.8 × 10–3. Owing to the compact-radius design, the junction capacitance is substantially reduced, enabling an exceptionally low modulation power consumption of 0.2 fJ/bit. The proposed MRM presents significant potential for dense integration in future optical communication systems.

Abstract The socio-economic developments and the volume of Decentralized Autonomous Organizations (“DAO”) are increasing day by day. However, debates in the field of law regarding the DAOs are still vigorous. One of the most crucial issues pertaining to DAOs is liability, which is related to their legal nature. Hence, this work first briefly reveals the current liability regime of DAOs within the context of the current landscape of German and Turkish Company Law. Particularly ordinary partnerships, joint-stock companies and limited companies will be examined. Then, the new liability regime for DAOs will be proposed, as a part of the recommendation of a “New Code”. Finally, this work will be concluded with the outcomes and recommendations.

Das Legal Tech Barometer von Future-Law bietet eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme der Legal Tech-Szene in Österreich im Jahr 2023. Die Studie zeigt, dass die Corona-Pandemie zu einer verstärkten Nutzung digitaler Produkte im Rechtsbereich geführt hat. Die meisten Befragten sind der Meinung, dass Kanzleien, die innovative, digitale Tools verwenden, ihren Klienten einen besseren Service bieten können. Insgesamt zeigt das Legal Tech Barometer, dass Legal Tech in Österreich wächst und Potenziale für die Zukunft bietet.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.