Fuyang Normal University

The impact of income inequality has attracted significant global attention as economies continue to develop. This study explores the potential influence of local culture, acting as an informal institution, in this complex process. Focusing on county-level regions within China’s Yangtze River Economic Belt from 2014 to 2021, our research examines how Confucian traditional culture, as an informal institution, shapes the relationship between the digital economy and the urban–rural income gap. Our findings indicate that while the early stages of digital economic development may initially widen the urban–rural income gap, subsequent progress is likely to reduce it. Notably, Confucian culture plays a positive role in narrowing this gap, particularly due to its inherent values of innovation and integrity. Further analysis reveals that this effect varies across the upstream and downstream regions of the Yangtze River Economic Belt, influenced by local economic conditions. Building upon these insights, we recommend enhancing Confucian cultural education and formulating region-specific strategies to promote the development of Confucian culture.

Gut microbiota profoundly influence host physiology, yet most studies rely on bulk-scale intestinal samples, overlooking microbial heterogeneity at the micro-scale. Here, we present a dataset generated from 378 colonic micro-scale grains (20-40 µm) and 20 bulk samples collected from four Kunming mice. Using Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing of the 16S rRNA V4 region, we obtained over 8.0 million raw reads, processed into 1506 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) spanning 19 phyla and 203 genera. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the dominant phyla across scales, while marked differences were observed in ASV richness (p < 0.001, Wilcoxon test) and network complexity (number of edges, p = 0.03, Wilcoxon test) between bulk samples and micro-scale grains. The dataset, deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (SRA) under BioProject PRJNA1249752, provides a high-resolution view of gut microbial spatial organization at the sub-100 µm scale. These data advance current understanding of microbial assembly processes, interspecies interactions, and scale-dependent community structure, thereby serving as a valuable resource for microbiome ecology and future mechanistic studies.

ObjectiveTo examine whether graded arterial occlusion pressure (AOP) during low-load isokinetic exercise differentially modulates neuromuscular activation, metabolic stress, and perceptual strain, and to identify an occlusion level that maximizes stimulus while minimizing perceived burden.MethodsTwelve healthy young men (21.3 ± 1.6 years) completed four randomized, counterbalanced sessions under 0%, 60%, 70%, and 80% AOP. During each session, isokinetic knee extension/flexion was performed at a low load under the assigned occlusion condition. Muscle activation was quantified using surface EMG and expressed as %EMGmax. Capillary blood lactate (BLa) was assessed at baseline and during recovery, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was recorded immediately after exercise.ResultsOcclusion pressure produced a clear dose–response pattern in metabolic stress and neuromuscular demand. Both %EMGmax and BLa increased with higher AOP, with the most consistent elevations occurring at ≥70% AOP (p < 0.05). Importantly, raising occlusion from 70% to 80% AOP did not provide additional gains in %EMGmax, whereas RPE increased significantly at 80% AOP compared with 70% AOP (p < 0.05).ConclusionLow-load isokinetic exercise performed at 70% AOP elicits robust neuromuscular and metabolic stimulation without additional gains relative to 80% AOP while imposing a substantially lower perceptual load. These findings support 70% AOP as a practical “compromise point” for acute BFRT prescription when balancing training stimulus and tolerability.

Although emotions and behaviors are interrelated, these may manifest differently regarding justice due to people's fear of negative consequences. Therefore, this study examined the effect of cognitive concern regarding negative consequences on justice emotion, justice behavior, and their separation tendency among 102 college students in China. We employed an experimental method to manipulate cognitive concern using original priming materials. The results revealed that positive-outcome-priming materials significantly increased justice behavior and reduced cognitive concern but had no significant effect on justice emotion. Moreover, separation tendency in the positive-outcome-priming group was significantly lower than that in the control and negativeoutcome-priming groups. These findings provide directions for future research on the psychological mechanisms and mitigation paths of the separation of emotions and behaviors regarding justice among college students.

Organic-inorganic hybrid S-scheme heterojunctions have emerged as a pivotal system for overcoming the efficiency bottleneck of traditional photocatalysis. They integrate the structural designability of organic phases and high stability of inorganic phases, while retaining strong redox capability and suppressing charge recombination—thus realizing a synergistic advantage that single-component materials lack. Distinct from previous reviews, this article establishes “interface engineering” as the central thread, systematically integrating the entire research chain of organic-inorganic hybrid S-scheme heterojunctions from design and regulation to application. First, we propose a three-dimensional classification framework that goes beyond conventional material-based taxonomies, categorizing systems according to organic-phase type, interfacial interaction mode, and inorganic-component function, thereby establishing universal design principles and analyzing structure–performance relationships. Subsequently, we elaborate the interfacial charge-regulation mechanisms, such as built-in electric fields, defect engineering, and band matching, and emphasize how advanced characterization techniques (e.g., femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) coupled with theoretical modeling decode interface dynamics, enabling cross-scale correlation from microscopic charge transfer to macroscopic catalytic performance. Beyond summarizing applications in energy conversion (e.g., H2 production, CO2 reduction) and environmental remediation (e.g., pollutant degradation, heavy-metal reduction) together with their performance-enhancement principles, we directly address the core challenges for industrial translation, including insufficient interfacial stability, difficulties in mechanism quantification, and bottlenecks in large-scale fabrication. Finally, future directions such as dynamic interface design, multi-functional integration, and industrialization exploration are outlined. This review aims to provide comprehensive and unique guidance for designing high-performance S-scheme heterojunctions, advancing photocatalytic technology to address energy and environmental issues, and thereby building an interdisciplinary bridge toward carbon neutrality. Proposes an innovative three-dimensional classification framework: Breaking through traditional material-centric classification criteria, it establishes universal design principles for S-scheme heterojunctions by integrating organic phase diversity, modes of interfacial interaction, and functional roles of the inorganic component. Elucidates interfacial charge kinetics mechanisms: Systematically reveals the core roles of interface engineering, such as built-in electric field enhancement and defect-mediated synergy. This enables precise control over charge separation, boosting efficiency by 50–80% while retaining strong redox capabilities. Bridges fundamental research and practical application: Deeply integrates advanced characterization, theoretical modeling, and performance analysis to propose a practical "science-technology-industry" roadmap, aiming to address the core challenges in scaling up photocatalytic technology for energy and environmental applications.

Abstract The direct functionalization of inert C(sp2)–H bonds represents a central and challenging objective in synthetic chemistry. Photoelectrocatalysis has recently ushered in a transformative paradigm for efficient C(sp2)–H bond functionalization. This graphical review highlights cutting-edge methodologies for the selective functionalization of C(sp2)–H bonds via the synergistic integration of electrochemistry and photochemistry. These advancements are classified into five main categories: C(sp2)–H bonds of heteroarenes; C(sp2)–H bonds of arenes; C(sp2)–H bonds of alkenes; C(sp2)–H bonds of alkenes/cyclization; and C(sp2)–H bonds of imines.