GRA (United States)

The article discusses some methodological foundations of the structural and functional organization of the urban planning system – the city. Definitions are given for generally accepted urban planning terms, but not fixed by law, such as: urban planning system; planning structure; element of the planning structure; spatial framework; planning organization of the territory; existing and planned red lines. The paper provides proposals for improving the current model of urban planning by creating a hierarchical planning structure and incorporating a single red line plan into the rules of land use and development in order to resolve conflicts in the areas of urban planning and land and property relations, as well as to create the main urban public space, the street and road network, which defines the development corridors for transport and engineering infrastructure.

In the article, I try to show the world of the past as the world of games. First of all, history appears as a game – the game of the historian with his subject of study or cognition. Secondly, history itself can be conceptualised by the metaphor of the game. The history of Portugal is treated as an example of the object of historical research, which changes along with the theories applied. The act of theorising sets the limits of the known past. On the basis of selected examples from the history of Portugal in the 20th century, I try to show how the use of various research tools allows us to ask new/different questions.

The teacher-scholar model was created in recognition of the expectations that university faculty members will engage in both high-quality teaching and scholarship. The adoption of the teacher-scholar model at universities has been mixed. Our exploratory case study investigation took place at a primarily teaching university in which the model was recently embraced. We wanted to empirically document the faculty members’ knowledge, perceptions, preparation, and engagement in the teacher-scholar model. Our results indicate that the faculty members held constrained levels of knowledge of the model, were neutral in their perceptions of model, had a range of preparation to productively engage in the model, and they tended to take an array of approaches for engaging in the model. We also found positive relationships among perceptions of the teacher-scholar model, knowledge of the model, faculty member engagement in scholarship, and the duration of employment in higher education. Our findings suggest that there is a need for long-term professional development focused on the teacher-scholar model at universities where the model is being adopted.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi realizar um estudo anatômico macroscópico das madeiras de seis espécies do gênero Eucalyptus e contribuir para identificação destas em nível de campo. Foram analisadas madeiras de E. acmenoides, E. bosistoana, E. deanei, E. longifolia, E. muelleriana e E. racemosa, ainda não descritas macroscopicamente. Para esse estudo, foi estimada a massa específica básica e então, as amostras foram lixadas e escarificadas com bisturi, analisadas com lupa conta fios (aumento 10x) e macroscopicamente descritas de acordo com as normas de procedimentos em estudos de anatomia da madeira, propostas por Coradin. Os resultados demonstraram semelhanças entre as espécies quanto à coloração, textura, grã, odor e agrupamento de dos poros. Contudo, os caracteres anatômicos relacionados à distribuição de poros e o parênquima axial foram fundamentais para a diferenciação macroscópica e reconhecimento destas espécies.

Surface performance indicators for taxi-out delay depend on reference ideal unimpeded (nominal) times to identify areas in need of improvement. Current FAA practice derives unimpeded taxi-out times through a statistical analysis of ASPM-provided Out-Off-On-In (OOOI) sensor timestamps. This statistical technique uses a regression of taxi-times against the number of aircraft active on the surface to determine times of low congestion and presumably under conditions when times would be "unimpeded." These OOOI timestamps are rounded to the nearest minute and reported by a subset of carriers, leading to data concerns. Furthermore, the current unimpeded taxi-out method is only based on departure airport, operating carrier, season, and calendar year, which fails to include both start taxi-out location (gate/terminal) and wheels-off location (runway). Given these shortcomings, opportunities exist to estimate surface performance indicators through the use of surveillance data. Surveillance systems, such as the Airport Surface Detection Equipment-Model X (ASDE-X) system, provide aircraft temporal and spatial information by the second, enabling terminal area and runway information to be incorporated. The purpose of this paper is to utilize these new capabilities when identifying taxi-out routings that contribute the most to delay and inefficiency. The paper first assesses the current statistically derived unimpeded time against alternatives based on upper percentile benchmark methods. It then evaluates alternatives to current methodology by developing both an ASDE-X and hybrid ASDE-X/ASPM Key Surface Event Database. Techniques using the ASPM, ASDE-X, and hybrid surface databases are compared for five top U.S. airports during Fiscal Year 2014. Results show that ASDE-X provides better and more consistent data coverage when compared to the current ASPM process. An ASDE-X source also allows the taxi-start location to be identified, unlike ASPM. However, given existing data limitations, it is recommended that ASDE-X be supplemented with ASPM messages in order for an analysis to capture a more complete understanding of surface performance, specifically in the masked, non-movement area.

Prior research has suggested that the allocation of scarce National Airspace System capacity could be improved if aircraft operators were able to exchange the priority in which their flights will be handled by the air traffic control system to reflect how much they value timeliness for specific aircraft flights. The current priority allocation system is based on a first-come first-served mechanism. FAA and users have made some modifications to firstcome first-served to give operators more control over the priority in which their own flights get served through Collaborative Decision-Making. There are also programs which allow a carrier to give up a flight time slot that it will not use without having to go to the “end of the line,” which is called slot credit substitution. Significant research has been done into ways to further improve demand-capacity balance in the National Airspace System while taking users’ flight priorities into account. Many researchers have proposed market-based allocation systems, which are used when airport slots are bought and sold. Other researchers propose quasi-market systems that could be developed using a points system. This paper illustrates how the initial allocation of priority points among carriers influences how they use these points in establishing the priority for their flights to reduce their delays. The paper then reports the results from the human-in-the-loop simulation of aircraft operators’ decisions that show how the delay reduction differences for each operator vary among the different methods used to allocate the points. In general, the paper finds that a system which uses the number of flights in the allocation tends to benefit operators of smaller aircraft, while systems that use passengers and distance in the allocation favor operators of larger aircraft.

L’objectif de cet article est de montrer en quoi, dans la ville latino-américaine (ici la ville de Buenos Aires), les centres commerciaux créent un rapport entre dispersion et rassemblement, différent de celui des espaces publics urbains traditionnels comme les places. Ces pôles de l’échange économique et social ont en effet généré de nouveaux espaces d’usage public dans les périphéries urbaines, permettant une relative démocratisation de l’accès à la centralité, tout en accroissant les écarts sociaux et spatiaux entre les ménages les plus pauvres et les couches sociales moyennes. S’ils génèrent, à des échelles différentes, des formes de concentration et de dispersion spatiale, ils constituent moins, en revanche, des lieux du rassemblement et de la dispersion, sur un plan social.

Three issues related to the inversion of random fields in groundwater flow problems are reviewed: problem formulation, computational methods and application methodology. Regarding the first, we show that most current methods can be viewed as particular cases of minimum variance estimation. While theory suggests that non-linear methods should lead to more accurate estimation and more realistic evaluation of uncertainty, differences obtained in intercomparison exercises appear to be much less significant than expected. This can be partly attributed to the fact that differences are more significant in the case of large variances, in the presence of sink/source terms, for large head data density and for small head measurement errors. Regarding computational aspects we present an improved version of the adjoint state method which should reduce significantly the computational burden of transient geostatistical inversion problems. Finally, application methodology is illustrated with a case comprising abundant steady-state head data and drawdowns from three pumping tests observed at a large set of points.