Georgian National Museum

The medieval urban site of Dmanisi (Figure 1), situated in the Mashavera River valley in the region of Kvemo Kartli, constitutes a pivotal monument for examining the processes of urbanisation, cultural and religious synthesis, and economic integration characteristic of Transcaucasia. By the 9th century, Dmanisi had developed into a prominent strategic and commercial centre, owing to its favourable geographical location at the intersection of major trade routes. As such, it played an active role in the principal historical processes unfolding both regionally and more broadly across the medieval world. Following the invasions of Tamerlane (1370-1405) at the close of the 14th century, much of the city was destroyed and was not substantially reoccupied in subsequent periods. Consequently, archaeological research at the site offers invaluable insights into the urban history of medieval Dmanisi. The city’s ancient fortification systems, residential quarters, religious structures, and commercial areas, together with memorial inscriptions in Georgian, Armenian, and Arabic, and the coexistence of Christian and Muslim religious monuments, provide a vivid illustration of Dmanisi’s multiethnic and multiconfessional urban character. In this respect, Dmanisi bears notable resemblance to other major cities of medieval Transcaucasia, Byzantium, and the Near East.This article, drawing on new epigraphic material – namely, recently discovered Armenian-inscribed tombstones, explores the ethnic and confessional composition of Dmanisi’s medieval population and associated patterns of migration. It also analyses the spatial distribution of burial sites within the city’s necropolis, as reflected in the placement and typology of monumental monuments.

Negative emotions and thoughts and physical changes such as an increased level of blood pressure characterize anxiety. Depressive disorder is when a person loses interest or has little interest in doing day-to-day activities, and it can affect all parts of life. The person can also experience mood swings and suicidal and thoughts of self-harm. The purpose of this study is to understand anxiety and depression in medical students and the correlation of issues such as academic pressure, bullying, and the hostile atmosphere in medical schools along with the resources provided by the medical schools and if they are adequate to deal with anxiety and depression among the students. The study also reviews suicidal and self-harm tendencies among medical students.

New excavations at Ormagi Ekhi in Georgia have revealed long-term hominin occupations during the Middle Palaeolithic (260–45 ka cal BP). Here, the authors present an overview of data from multidisciplinary analyses of the site, highlighting its potential for widening our understanding of hominin occupations in the South Caucasus.

Who the first inhabitants of Western Europe were, whattheir physical characteristics were, and when and where they lived are some of the pending questions in the study of the settlement of Eurasia during the Early Pleistocene epoch. The available palaeoanthropological information from Western Europe is limited and confined to the Iberian Peninsula1,2. Here we present most of the midface of a hominin found at the TE7 level of the Sima del Elefante site (Sierra de Atapuerca, Spain), dated to between 1.4 million and 1.1 million years ago. This fossil (ATE7-1) represents the earliest human face of Western Europe identified thus far. Most of the morphological features of the midface of this hominin are primitive for the Homo clade and they do not display the modern-like aspect exhibited by Homo antecessor found at the neighbouring Gran Dolina site, also in the Sierra de Atapuerca, and dated to between 900,000 and 800,000 years ago3. Furthermore, ATE7-1 is more derived in the nasoalveolar region than the Dmanisi and other roughly contemporaneous hominins. On the basis of the available evidence, it is reasonable to assign the new human remains from TE7 level to Homo aff. erectus. From the archaeological, palaeontological and palaeoanthropological information obtained in the lower levels of the Sima del Elefante and Gran Dolina sites4-8, we suggest a turnover in the human population in Europe at the end of the Early Pleistocene.

Na,K-ATPase is an electrogenic pump found in cell plasma membranes that acts as the basic unit of animal life. This enzyme is highly susceptible to cardiotonic steroid (CTS) inhibition. The role of Na,K-ATPase in signaling has introduced a novel viewpoint regarding the enzyme's function, as the ouabain-binding site is involved in several physiological processes. At high concentrations, ouabain blocks Na+ and K+ ion transport by Na,K-ATPase, whereas at low concentrations, it activates the signaling function of the enzyme. Notably, Na,K-ATPase does not fit into the categories of G protein-coupled receptors or ligand-gated ion channels. This indicates that it may be a distinct cell surface receptor that interacts with signaling molecules through allosteric regulation. In the present study, we have identified new modulators of Na,K-ATPase sensitivity to ouabain, and studied the kinetic effects of physiological concentrations of ouabain on Na,K-ATPase in the hippocampus. Specifically, Cytochrome c (Cytc) increases an affinity for ouabain and the maximal velocity (Vmax) of the enzyme. After binding to Na,K-ATPase, ouabain induces conformational changes that drive shifts between enzymatic cycles.

ადრებრინჯაოს ხანის სამხრეთ-დასავლეთ საქართველოს, კერძოდ, აჭარის ისტორიისა და ნივთიერი კულტურის კვლევის ერთ-ერთ უმთავრეს წყაროს შემთხვევითი მონაპოვრები წარმოადგენს. მათ შორისაა 2012 წელს შუახევის მუნიციპალიტეტის სოფელ ფურტიოში (სხალთისწყლის ხეობა) აღმოჩენილი ბრინჯაოს ყუადაქანებული ცული.ფურტიოს ცულს ყველაზე ახლო ანალოგი ეძებნება სოფელ ღორჯომის (ნაომარის) ცულთან (ხულოს რაიონი, ზემო აჭარა, ღორჯომის ხეობა). გარკვეულ მსგავსებას ვხედავთ სოფელ ილუმისა და ბორის საზღვარზე (ხარაგაული რაიონი, იმერეთი), საზანოსა და სეირიში (თერჯოლის რაიონი, იმერეთი) შემთხვევით აღმოჩენილ ცულებთან. გვხვდება ეშერის ერთ-ერთ დოლმენშიც. აღმოსავლეთ საქართველოში - მეჯვრისხევსა და ყიზილ-აჯლოში. ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში - ოსეთისა და კორცას მასალებში. აღმოჩენილია სოჭსა და ყუბანში.აღიარებულია, რომ ყუადაქანებული ცულები წინააზიაში ჩაისახა. აქედან გავრცელდა სხვადასხვა ქვეყანაში. გავრცელების გზაზე ადგილობრივი მელითონეები ფორმების დახვეწის, ახალი ტექნიკური სიახლეების დანერგვით ქმნიდნენ ლოკალურ ნიმუშებს. მკვლევართა ერთი ნაწილი ფიქრობს, რომ საქართველოში ჩამოყალიბდა ცულების კავკასიური ვარიანტი, რომელიც ჩრდილოეთ კავკასიაში, ევროპასა და დუნაისპირეთში იწყებს გავრცელებას.აჭარის ტერიტორიაზე აღმოჩენილი ფურტიოს ცული, ღორჯომის მონაპოვრის მსგავსად სატარეზე შემოვლებული რელიეფური წიბურებით განასხვავდება ზემოთ დასახელებული ცულებისაგან და ასაკით ოდნავ გვიანდელია.კლასიფიკაციის მიხედვით ფურტიოს ცულს ჩვენ ყველაზე ახლო პარალელების გათვალისწინებით ყუამოკლე-ყუადაქანებული ცულების II ჯგუფში ვაერთიანებთ და ძვ.წ. III ათასწლეულის II ნახევრით ვათარიღებთ.

The given paper discusses an original method of the evaluation of outcomes of adaptive testing in the case of the strategy of the multilevel testing. The multiplicity/set of the outcomes of testing consists of atypical different-dimensional elements. The given paper defines the criteria of their comparison, describes the principles of ordering of the given multiplicity and draws the getting of a final score. The paper presented considers the ordering method of outcome set for multi-stage testing (MST) of 1-3-3 model. The ordering method of outcome set is used for the estimation of results of computerized adaptive testing (CAT). This method is not tied to a specific testing procedure. Acknowledgment of this is its usage for the 1-3-3 model, which is described in the paper. To sort the set of testing outcomes the function-criteria described in the initial article are used here and a comparative analysis of obtained results is performed. The criterion of ordering of the outcomes of testing may not be the only option. The given paper illustrates this fact through a comparative discussion of two samples. An original procedure of testing is used for the presentation of the essence of the method. The given procedure is aimed to be illustrative, because a described method of assessment can be used for similar strategies. The ordered outcome set is estimated by a hundred-point system according to the normal distribution. Applied results of our scientific research is developed as “Adaptester” portal and available on the following address: https://adaptester.com .