Gobierno de Chile

El presente estudio evalúa la resistencia a compresión del hormigón simple elaborado con sustitución total de los agregados convencionales; utilizando agregado grueso reciclado (AGR) y catalizador agotado de craqueo catalítico fluidizado (FCC) como reemplazo del agregado fino, en comparación con un hormigón simple fabricado con agregados naturales. La investigación se desarrolla en el contexto de la necesidad de fomentar prácticas sostenibles en la construcción, reducir el consumo de recursos naturales y minimizar el impacto ambiental asociado a la gestión de residuos industriales y de demolición. La metodología se estructuró en tres fases: (i) caracterización física y mecánica del AGR y del FCC, (ii) diseño y elaboración de mezclas de hormigón con 100% de agregados reciclados y mezclas de referencia con 100% de agregados naturales, y (iii) evaluación de la resistencia a compresión y del impacto económico del uso de materiales reciclados. Los ensayos se realizaron conforme a las normativas NTE INEN y ASTM, evaluándose la resistencia a compresión a edades de 7, 14 y 28 días. Los resultados mostraron una disminución aproximada del 70% en la resistencia a compresión del hormigón con sustitución total respecto al hormigón convencional, alcanzando valores de 74,17 kg/cm² y 239,74 kg/cm² a los 28 días, respectivamente. Desde el punto de vista económico, el uso de AGR y FCC incrementó el costo del metro cúbico de hormigón de $100,90 a $291,77. Se concluye que la sustitución total de agregados naturales por AGR y FCC no resulta técnica ni económicamente viable para aplicaciones estructurales, aunque presenta potencial para usos no estructurales, contribuyendo a la valorización de residuos y al impulso de la economía circular en el sector de la construcción.

Discurso de Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, candidato a Presidente del Gobierno, ante el pleno del Congreso de los Diputados el 18 de febrero de 1981. (Se acompaña comentario «Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, un contrato por dos años» de Pablo Pérez López y José-Vidal Pelaz López).

Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, including random forest and logistic regression, this paper examines Obstetric Violence as a manifestation of structural gender violence. Focused on public hospitals in Nuevo León, findings reveal that one in four women experience OBV. Qualitative analysis highlights complaints regarding resource scarcity and agency violations. Significantly, the likelihood of experiencing OBV increases by 64.69 percent when the pregnant person is attended by a male doctor. These findings provide robust evidence for the gender component of OBV and bring to light how a deeply misogynistic structure subjugates women at any moment possible. While limited to public institutions, this study exposes how medical structures subjugate women, emphasizing the intersection of gender and healthcare.

Piscirickettsia salmonis , the causal agent of salmonid rickettsial septicemia (SRS), is the main pathogen affecting farmed salmonids in Chile. Outbreaks of SRS lead to substantial economic losses for producers. Many determinants related to SRS outcomes are still poorly understood. Here, we conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2014 to 2021 to investigate the epidemiology of SRS at the farm level in southern Chile, employing historical monitoring data. Using time series analysis of weekly SRS mortality risk and sea lice (Caligus rogercresseyi ) infestation levels, we found that SRS mortality risk had a strong seasonal component, with mortalities being significantly higher in the warmer seasons. While Caligus infestation levels have increased significantly over the years, SRS mortality risk has remained constant. Using mixed effects regression models, we identified that a key predictor for both increased weekly SRS mortality risk and higher hazard of reporting the first SRS outbreak of a production cycle was the level of female egg-laying sea lice. We hypothesise that the interaction between sea lice, P. salmonis and rising water temperatures may produce synergistic stress on salmon that accelerates disease progression and prompts overuse of antimicrobials. This calls for an urgent integrated pest management approach in aquaculture practice.

Background Football (also called soccer) is a global phenomenon, and its followers exhibit a broad spectrum of behaviors, from spectatorship to intense emotional engagement, providing a useful model for studying social identity and emotional processing in competitive contexts. Although social affiliation has been widely studied, the neurobiological mechanisms of social identity in competitive settings are unclear. Purpose To investigate the brain mechanisms associated with emotional responses in football fans to their teams' victories and losses via functional MRI. Materials and Methods This prospective study was conducted from April 2019 to October 2022 and included healthy male football fans who underwent brain functional MRI. On the basis of Football Supporters Fanaticism Scale scores, the participants were classified as spectators, fans, or fanatics. Functional neuroimaging data were acquired while participants watched 63 goal sequences from matches involving their favorite team, a rival, or a neutral team. A whole-brain analysis was performed using a general linear model to compare neural responses when the participant's favorite team scored against an archrival (significant victory) versus when the archrival scored against their team (significant defeat), with control conditions for nonrival goals. Multiple comparison corrections were performed using cluster correction using random field theory. Results Sixty-one male football followers aged 20-45 years participated in this study. Whole-brain analysis of blood oxygenation level-dependent signal intensity and cluster-level correction revealed that significant victory was associated with increased activation in the ventral striatum, medial prefrontal cortex, and fusiform face area, reflecting reward processing and social identity reinforcement. Significant defeat was associated with increased activation of the mentalizing network, visual areas, and precuneus, with lower activation in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, suggesting changes in cognitive control and emotional regulation. Conclusion Football followers demonstrated activation in regions of the brain's reward system when their team scored against rival teams compared with other teams, reflecting in-group bonding and reinforcement of social identity. © RSNA, 2025 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Lev and Rapalino in this issue.

<title>Abstract</title> <italic>Trials</italic> guidance: The Abstract should not exceed 350 words. Please minimize the use of abbreviations and do not cite references in the abstract. The abstract must include the following separate sections: <bold>Background</bold> <italic>: Mycobacterium tuberculosis</italic> acquisition after exposure is common but difficult to diagnose and frequently requires serial testing given that immunological evidence of infection can take several weeks to develop. Even though tuberculosis infection (TBI) is asymptomatic, its long-term effects remain unclear due to poorly understood host-pathogen interactions and delayed disease development, and research has shown that active mycobacterial replication and inflammation occur during TBI. Although the main purpose of antituberculosis prophylaxis has been to prevent people with established TBI from progressing to active tuberculosis disease, a few studies have suggested that this prophylaxis, when administered during the window period after exposure, can prevent the acquisition of TBI in very young children. Considering that newer preventive regimens are shorter and safer, this study aims to assess whether tuberculosis prophylaxis —when given in the window period after exposure— can prevent new infections in older children and adolescents who have been recently exposed. <bold>Methods</bold> : A multicentre cluster-randomized controlled clinical trial will be performed in Chile. A total of 360 households (clusters) with children aged ≥5 to &lt;18 years, who have been recently exposed to a new case of pulmonary tuberculosis will be randomized to intervention or control arm. In the intervention arm, contacts will receive immediate tuberculosis prophylaxis, regardless of the interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA) result. In the control arm, participants will receive tuberculosis prophylaxis only if the IGRA test results positive, as per standard of care. In both arms, the prophylaxis scheme will be the usual weekly isoniazid plus rifapentine for 12 weeks regimen. The primary outcome will be assessed at the individual level by IGRA conversions from negative at baseline to positive at the 12-week follow-up. <bold>Discussion</bold> : This trial will establish the effectiveness of a window prophylaxis strategy in reducing the risk of TBI acquisition after exposure in a community setting, a strategy that can potentially contribute to global tuberculosis elimination by reducing <italic>M. tuberculosis</italic> reservoirs. <bold>Trial registration</bold> : ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT07086820. Registered 17 July 2025, https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT07086820.

En Bolivia, el impacto del plurilingüismo en la identidad cultural ha sido un tema de debate en contextos sociales y políticos. Este artículo presenta una aproximación al respecto, indicando que si bien debería tener un carácter unificador, en la práctica puede haber profundizado las divisiones sociales. Independientemente de los esfuerzos por reconocer y promover las lenguas indígenas, las políticas gubernamentales implementadas han sido percibidas por algunos sectores como superficiales y con fines políticos, sin un compromiso real hacia la inclusión. En este trabajo se analizan estos aspectos, a partir de la revisión teórica y de entrevistas a expertos en el ámbito lingüístico y comunicacional, cuyos resultados permiten conocer perspectivas al respecto e incluso alternativas para la preservación de los saberes y conocimientos ancestrales.

Mugimendu Autonomoa o Movimiento Autónomo es una propuesta pedagógica que se impulsa desde el año 2015, que se desarrolla en modo auzolán por parte de las escuelas públicas vascas que participan en ella, y que es acompañada por el Berritzegune, centro de apoyo a la innovación educativa del Gobierno Vasco. La propuesta busca modificar la organización y el espacio físico educativo para crear ecosistemas de aprendizaje en los que los niños y niñas puedan aprender en entornos seguros y con mayor autonomía. Se trata de una propuesta a la que se han ido progresivamente adhiriendo cada vez más las escuelas, sobre todo de Educación Infantil. Al hilo de ello, desde el curso 2021-2022 se viene desarrollando el proyecto UBE, una experiencia de aprendizaje servicio en la Facultad de Educación de Bilbao (UPV/EHU). El objetivo del proyecto es que los futuros educadores y educadoras dialoguen e interactúen con 5 centros que participan en la mencionada propuesta pedagógica y propongan situaciones de aprendizaje para contextos educativos reales. En UBE participa el alumnado y profesorado de las cinco asignaturas que componen la mención de Innovación en la Escuela, que se imparte en el cuarto curso del grado de Educación Infantil, las promotoras del Movimiento Autónomo en el Berritzegune de la sección de Educación Infantil y 5 centros escolares de Bizkaia. En este artículo se describen los entresijos del proyecto UBE, las producciones que el alumnado universitario ha realizado en el mismo, y se realiza una valoración de sus implicaciones didácticas.