Government College University, Faisalabad

The exploration of natural products capable of addressing both the molecular and functional aspects of β-cell failure is imperative given the increasing morbidity and mortality of diabetes mellitus. Our study investigated the effectiveness of ethanolic extracts of various date seed varieties in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model. The supplementation, especially of Mazafati and Zahidi seeds extracts, significantly improved the glycemic index. They also exhibited improved serum insulin and C-peptide levels, reduced oxidative stress, and normalized lipid and protein profiles. The qRT-PCR results also revealed corresponding changes in calcium signaling and MAPK/JNK, TRAF-mediated inflammation, FOXO-2, and JAK-STAT pathways, supporting β-cells regeneration and function. Histopathological analysis further confirmed the partial restoration of islet structure and β-cell mass in the treatment groups. These findings indicate that date seed extracts feature promising bioactive compounds that can reverse β-cell dysfunction through integrated molecular mechanisms. These findings also suggest the potential of developing standardized functional food interventions. • Date seed extract exhibits strong antioxidant and antidiabetic effects. • Date seed extract reduces oxidative stress and promotes pancreatic regeneration. • Date seed phytochemicals enhance pancreatic β-cell function and insulin secretion. • Phenolic and flavonoid compounds in date seeds mediate glucose-lowering effects.

This study investigates how social factors and perceived enjoyment influence tourists' intention to visit, while examining the moderating role of destination security threats and perceived credibility and influence of the celebrity. Grounded in Social Influence Theory (SIT), the study applied structural equation modelling on 540 valid responses collected through convenience sampling. Findings reveal that SIT factors (identification, internalisation, and compliance) significantly predict perceived enjoyment, which in turn positively impacts tourist intention to visit. Destination security threats were found to negatively moderate this relationship, whereas perceived credibility and influence of the celebrity served as a positive moderator. Moreover, perceived credibility and influence of the celebrity demonstrated a three-way moderating effect, mitigating the adverse influence of destination security threats on perceived enjoyment and tourist intention. Theoretically, this study advances SIT by introducing a novel three-way moderation mechanism, demonstrating how perceived credibility and influence of the celebrity can buffer the negative impact of security threats on tourist psychological evaluations and behavioural intentions. Practically, the study offers implications for governments and tourism firms aiming to enhance destination attractiveness through strategic communication and endorsement strategies.

Fulvic acid (FA) is the main active component of humic substances (HS) due to its molecular properties, solubility, reactivity, and essential role in enhancing soil health and supporting plant growth. It forms through the breakdown of organic matter and can be sourced from various natural origins, including low-rank coal, peat, and soil. The extraction of FA from low-rank coal has attracted scientific interest because of its low cost and broad applications in agriculture, environmental cleanup, and medicine. However, extracting FA from natural sources is challenging because yields and quantities are often limited. Moreover, the quality of extracted FA depends on the extraction method, with different techniques offering varying efficiencies, requiring a detailed understanding of the process. This review explores FA's diverse properties and extraction methods, emphasizing its potential as a sustainable agent for environmental remediation and as a nutraceutical. FA possesses promising capabilities to influence the geochemical behavior of metals through adsorption, complexation, and redox reactions, helping to reduce toxicity and remove contaminants such as lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg). Its amphiphilic nature also enhances its effectiveness in agriculture by supporting crop development and soil vitality, while exerting immunomodulatory effects on human health. Various chemical and biological extraction methods for FA are thoroughly reviewed, highlighting challenges in achieving efficient industrial-scale production. Despite its potential, variability in quality due to differences in raw materials and extraction techniques necessitates further research to fully realize FA's capabilities for environmental cleanup, sustainable agriculture, and health benefits. This review offers an overview of the current state of FA research and its potential in technological development.

Abstract In this paper, we develop a framework for multiplicative quadrature rules and integral inequalities within the context of G -calculus. After reviewing the fundamental concepts of multiplicative derivatives and integrals, we introduce multiplicative analogues of classical quadrature formulas, specifically, the midpoint, trapezoidal, Simpson, and Bullen rules. We identify GG -convexity as the natural counterpart of classical convexity in this setting and introduce the notion of functions of bounded multiplicative variation. Based on these foundations, we establish the multiplicative Hermite–Hadamard inequality for GG - h $\mathfrak{h}$ -convex functions. A new parametrized multiplicative integral identity is derived and employed to prove a family of parametrized inequalities for *-differentiable GG - h $\mathfrak{h}$ -convex functions, functions with bounded *-derivatives, and functions of bounded *-variation. By choosing appropriate parameter values, we recover various known and new multiplicative inequalities of midpoint, trapezium, Simpson, and Bullen type. The validity of our results is verified through two numerical examples with graphical illustrations. Applications to special means are also presented, and the paper concludes with a summary of the main findings and potential directions for future work.