Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies

Discriminatory social norms drive high levels of gender inequality in India. However, there is a paucity of evidence on how gender discrimination manifests in economic decision-making with real payoffs in a rural, underdeveloped setting. In this paper, I present a lab-in-the-field experiment using incentivized trust and dictator games to distinguish between statistical and taste-based gender discrimination. Negative stereotypes that manifest as lower trust is interpreted as statistical discrimination. Prejudice that manifests as lower trust and social preferences is interpreted as taste-based discrimination. Next, I evaluate whether a behavioral nudge can influence discriminating individuals’ preferences over gender versus previous trustworthiness. The evaluation nudge tests whether moving from separate (single-choice) to joint (multiple-choice) evaluation setting triggers a shift from gender-biased to payoff maximizing decision-making. Results indicate that participants demonstrate statistical discrimination. Signalling higher trustworthiness leads to gender unbiased decision-making under joint evaluation, but not under separate evaluation. • Discriminatory social norms drives gender inequality, however, there is a paucity of evidence on discrimination in economic decision-making in a rural, underdeveloped setting. • This lab-in-the-field experiment uses incentivized trust and dictator games to identify the magnitude and discriminate between statistical and taste-based gender discrimination. • Negative stereotypes that manifest as low trust is interpreted as statistical discrimination, while prejudice that manifests as lower trust and social preferences is interpreted as taste-based discrimination. • Next, this paper tests a behavioural nudge that tests whether moving from separate (single-choice) to joint (multiple-choice) evaluation setting triggers a shift from gender- biased to pay-off maximizing decision-making. • Results indicate that participants demonstrate statistical discrimination and signalling higher trustworthiness leads to gender unbiased decision-making under joint evaluation, but not under separate evaluation.

Abstract The UN Security Council addressed the issue of due process protection for individuals designated for counter-terrorism sanctions when it created the Office of the Ombudsperson in 2009. However, fundamental rights to due process continued to be denied for those designated for individual UN sanctions for other (non-terrorism) activities, which account for the majority of the individuals and entities currently designated for sanctions by the Security Council. This has created ongoing challenges to the legitimacy of the Council due to its inattention to the rights of individuals designated for sanctions. A significant enhancement of the Focal Point Mechanism first created within the Secretariat in 2006 was made possible with the passage of UN Security Council Resolution 2744 in July 2024. This article charts the course of incremental, procedural reform at the Security Council on this issue, identifies core elements of due process, describes recent litigation trends challenging UN designations worldwide, summarizes the core elements of UNSCR 2744, and suggests specific proposals for addressing the remaining legitimacy deficit related to UN sanctions on individuals.

This article examines the reform of history education in post-Soviet Russia, paying particular attention to the influence of George Soros’s foundations. It demonstrates how education reform in the field of history, particularly the production of new school textbooks, was characterised by a confrontation between liberal and nationalist forces, which echoed the clashes between these groups in the political arena. The article demonstrates that, in contrast to President Boris Yeltsin’s government, liberals prevailed in the field of education and were able to promote new history textbooks despite nationalist opposition. George Soros’s foundations supported Russian liberals financially but left them to lead the reform process. Despite liberal reforms in history education being a homegrown affair, the nationalist backlash concentrated on attacking foreign philanthropists such as Soros. These critiques, which were built upon the widespread rejection of Western models in the late 1990s, contributed to the discreditation of liberal politicians and their reforms in post-Soviet Russia.

ملخص يتجاوز التحليل التقاطعي النظر في المتغيرات الفردية، ليدرس التأثير التراكمي للتقاطع بين عوامل متعددة، مثل الجنس والعرق، أو الموقع الجغرافي والطبقة الاجتماعية. وتساعد المبادئ التوجيهية للتحليل التقاطعي في العلوم والتكنولوجيا ) GIST ( الباحثين ومحرري المجلات والوكالات الممولة على دمج التحليل التقاطعي بشكل منهجي في المجالات ذات الصلة بالعلوم والتكنولوجيا. تعمل هذه المبادئ التوجيهية كخريطة طريق للتحليل التقاطعي الكمي طوال عملية البحث من تحديد أولويات البحث الاستراتيجية وصياغة أسئلة البحث إلى جمع البيانات وتحليلها وتفسيرها. و نقدم هنا قائمة مرجعية لتسهيل امتثال المؤلفين ومحرري المجلات للمبادئ التوجيهية، كما نوصي بإضافة قائمة مراجعة GIST إلى "إرشادات للمؤلفين" في المجلات. والهدف هو إعادة تعيين الإعدادات الافتراضية للبحث؛ لتشمل التحليل التقاطعي، حيثما كان ذلك مناسبًا. إذ يؤدي التحليل التقاطعي إلى تحسين العلوم. فالدقة في البحث هي أفضل دليل لسياسات اجتماعية وبيئية فعالة، والتي بدورها تعزز العدالة والاستدامة العالمية.

Abstract In the race toward net-zero, Green Hydrogen (GH2) has emerged as a pillar of the Green Energy Transition. Northern industrial countries, with the European Union at the forefront, pursue decarbonization through “win-win” partnerships with Southern counterparts, whose renewable energy potential and industrial ambitions make them eager participants. Beneath this rhetoric of mutual benefit, however, lie local tensions that these green futures have yet to address. Against this backdrop, this article examines grassroots contention against Tunisia’s national GH2 strategy, with a focus on Gabes, a region historically shaped by industrialization and environmental degradation. It traces the collision of top-down, state- and donor-led ‘green’ development trajectories with bottom-up counter-currents emerging from local communities, civil society organizations, and environmental activists. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork in Gabes and analysis of protest materials, I identify three counter-currents to the GH2 ascent: contested development pathways, procedural injustice, and sovereignty struggles. These counter-currents mobilize historical memory, oppositional knowledge practices, and collective action to contest GH2’s framing, governance, and environmental implications. Situating Gabes within broader debates within environmental political theory and green growth, I foreground the ‘local’ in the socio-political dynamics of the global green energy transition, in showing how resistance from below shapes and constrains global “win-win” visions of the green energy transition.