Groupe BRL (France)

Abstract. The Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Interferometer (IASI) is a Fourier Transform Spectrometer onboard the Eumetsat MetOp (Meteorological Operational) polar orbit satellite series. The three MetOp satellites (A, B, and C) were launched in October 2006, September 2012 and November 2018, respectively. IASI-B and IASI-C are still operational, while IASI-A was decommissioned in November 2021. IASI’s mission is to provide accurate atmospheric spectra primarily for meteorological and climate applications, and as such a high measurement precision is required. Furthermore, the estimation of the measurement uncertainty is a valuable element, especially concerning climate studies and the establishment of long climate series. This study presents the global radiometric uncertainty budget as estimated for the IASI instruments. Four major contributors, the correction of the analog non-linearity, the black body characterization, the scan mirror reflectivity, and the background radiance instability, have been identified and their impact is presented alongside other minor contributors. For black body or earth view scenes under investigation, the global budget was found to be lower than 0.2 K for a reference temperature of 280 K, when all uncertainties were considered fully correlated. These estimates are expected to remain relatively stable throughout the instrument lifetime.

ABSTRACTCarbon steel (C-steel; E24 and S235 grades) and stainless steel (316L) electrodes were corroded in situ in Opalinus clay under anoxic conditions in a vertical descending borehole. The electrodes were exposed at ambient temperature for two years, and then at 85°C for five years. In situ electrochemical impedance spectroscopy showed that the instantaneous corrosion rate of C-steel decreased over time down to 1 µm year−1, followed by steady state. Microbial and chemical investigations showed that sulphate and thiosulphate reducing prokaryotes were present in the porewater and at the metal surface. Post mortem characterisation revealed contrasting corrosion aspects. The E24 corrosion interface was thick and contained magnetite, mackinawite, hydroxychloride and siderite, together with more oxidised species (goethite, greigite, elemental sulphur). The S235 corrosion interface was thinner and contained siderite and mackinawite. Corrosion damage of the 316L electrode was negligible, and the surface was covered by a thin fringe of pyrite.

Abstract. The Somme River Basin is located above a chalk aquifer and the discharge of the somme River is highly influenced by groundwater inflow (90% of river discharge is baseflow). In 2001, the Somme River Basin suffered from a major flood causing damages estimated to 100 million Euro (Deneux and Martin, 2001). The purpose of the present research is to evaluate the ability of four hydrologic models to reproduce flood events in the Somme River Basin over an 18-year period, by comparison with observed river discharge and piezometric head as well as satellite-derived extents of the flooded area. The models used differ in their computation of the surface water budget and in their representation of saturated and unsaturated zones. One model needed structural modification to be able to accurately simulate the riverflows of the Somme river. The models obtained fair to good simulations of the observed piezometric heads, but they all overestimate the piezometric level after flooding, possibly because of a simplistic representation of the deep unsaturated flow. Models differ in their annual partition of the infiltration of water within the root zone (mostly driven by simulated evapotranspiration), but these differences are attenuated by water transfers within the saturated and unsaturated zone. As a consequence, the inter-model dispersion of the computed annual baseflow is reduced. The aquifer overflow areas simulated during flooding compare well with local data and satellite images. The models showed that this overflow occurs almost every year in the same areas (in the floodplain), and that the flooding of 2001 was characterized by an increase in the quantity of the overflow and not much by a spreading of the overflow areas. Inconsistencies between river discharge and piezometric levels suggest that further investigation are needed to estimate the relative influence of unsaturated and saturated zones on the hydrodynamics of the Somme River Basin.