Gulf University

In an era of rapid change, businesses must undergo constant evolution to maintain competitiveness while mitigating the potential for exacerbating social inequality and environmental harm. Failure to implement and transparently communicate corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives can jeopardize not only a company's reputation and market position, but also its legal standing and long-term viability. Consequently, this investigation aims to inspect the concurrent and partial effects of firm size, gender diversity, and profitability on the CSR disclosure level in food and beverage sub-sector businesses registered on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2014 to 2023. This investigation employs quantitative, descriptive, and analytical techniques. This investigation utilized panel data regression as the analytical method. The purposive sampling technique yielded 8 data points annually on food and beverage sub-sector companies registered on the IDX between 2014 and 2023. The investigation's findings indicate that gender diversity, business size, and profitability simultaneously impact CSR disclosure, while the firm size variable solely influences CSR disclosure, not gender diversity or profitability. The practical implications of prioritizing CSR implementation in the food and beverage sub-sector are significant. Firms must ensure that CSR practices are effectively disclosed to stakeholders and integrate CSR considerations into their overall business strategy. This study provides new insights into the drivers of sustainable agrifood systems by identifying corporate and institutional drivers of CSR disclosure in Indonesia's food and beverage industry, a key sector of the agricultural economy.

Non-Kekule benzenoid structures are molecular systems that cannot be represented by classical Kekule resonance forms with alternating single and double bonds. These compounds often possess unpaired electrons and exhibit distinct electronic characteristics, including diradical and polyradical behavior. In this study, we analyze the structural and topological properties of selected non-Kekule benzenoid systems by computing various molecular descriptors, including the Atom-Bond Connectivity (ABC) index, Geometric-Arithmetic (GA) index, Randić index, First and Second Zagreb indices, Hyper Zagreb index and the Forgotten index. These topological indices offer valuable insights into the connectivity and branching patterns of the molecules, contributing to a deeper understanding of their structural complexity. The results may serve as a foundation for future investigations into the potential applications of these systems in fields such as materials science and molecular design.

This study aims to investigate to what extent citizen journalists in the Kingdom of Bahrain comply with social responsibility code by adhering to the media law and legislation in Bahrain. This investigation is done using news verification tools as a variable. The methodological framework of the research relies upon a survey of a sample of 132 citizen journalists carried out from January 1 to March 28, 2025. Three research findings emerged. First, two key pillars need to be emphasized for the success of citizen journalism in the Kingdom of Bahrain. These two pillars which are raising awareness of media laws and regulations and fostering a sense of social responsibility are viewed to be capable of leading to increased verification of news before publication, making citizen journalism an effective tool in societal engineering and avoiding sensationalism at the expense of credibility. Second, there is the need to adopt professional ethical guidelines to fit the specific context of citizen journalism. Third, the imperative of organizing educational initiatives and outreach programs in order to promote professional ethical practices among citizen journalists cannot be overstressed. These results explain that the essence of establishing citizen journalism in the Kingdom of Bahrain lies in transforming publishing from an available technical act to a responsible standard practice that is subject to the balance of law, ethics, and professional culture.

The use of modern technologies, including Immersive Mixed Reality (IMR) technologies, to present information on climate change has become essential due to their ability to simplify information and increase interaction with it. Hence, the current study aimed to explore YouTube users’ engagement with climate change issues presented using (IMR) technologies by using both sentiment analysis and network analysis tools. It adopted a mixed method methodology (quantitative and qualitative analysis), analyzing the five most-popular videos that utilized IMR to deliver environmental content on The Weather Channel on YouTube. A range of analytical software was used to analyze the data collected. Specifically, Communalytic was used to collect comments, Gephi was used to analyze social networks, and NetworkX in Python was employed to calculate engagement metrics such as degree centrality and network density. TextBlob and VADER were also employed to analyze sentiment and classify comments as positive, negative, or neutral. Additionally, data analysis was used to study engagement dynamics within comments, analyze the evolution of engagement over time, and classify comment patterns based on writing style. The results showed that videos depicting severe weather events achieved the highest engagement rates, reflecting the emotional impact of the content on the audience. Social network analysis results indicated that most engagement was concentrated in a limited number of comments. Sentiment analysis revealed variations between analysis tools. VADER shows greater sensitivity to negative sentiment than TextBlob, underscoring the importance of using multiple analysis tools to ensure classification accuracy.

This study aims to investigate the impact of a constant source/sink on natural convection flow between two vertical walls within a porous medium. The problem is solved analytically for the steady fully developed Brinkman extended Darcy model. The influence of source/sink parameter (S), Darcy number (Da) and viscosities ratio (Rv) on fluid velocity as well as temperature is obtained in this research work. All the results are shown graphically for the variations of their relevant parameters such as Darcy number, heat source/sink parameter and ratio of viscosities. The result illustrates that the velocity profile is more in case of nonlinear density variation with temperature (NDT) than linear density variation with temperature (LDT). There is enhancement in temperature profile with the increment in source/sink parameter. The mathematical expressions for the skin friction are also obtained at both the walls. Mass flow rate in the channel is also derived analytically. Outcome of the study indicates that the nature of flow validates the previous researches done in the same área.

This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy Skills Training (DBT-ST) on negative urgency, response inhibition, and emotional clarity in female adolescents with Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD). A pre-post test design with a control group and one-month follow-up was employed. Using purposive sampling, 40 second-year secondary school students from Sirjan City (2023–2024) who met DSM-V criteria for DMDD were selected from 166 students based on the Affective Reactivity Index. Participants were randomly assigned to either the DBT-ST intervention group (n = 20) or a waitlist control group (n = 20). The intervention group received twelve 150-minute DBT-ST sessions, while the control group received no intervention. Assessments were conducted using the Urgency, Premeditation, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Positive Urgency Behavior Scale (UPPS-P), Go/No Go software, and Trait Meta Mood Scale (TMMS) at baseline, 12 weeks, and 16 weeks post-study. Thirty-seven participants completed the study (DBT: n = 18; waitlist: n = 19). Results revealed significant improvements in the DBT-ST group compared to the control group for response inhibition (F = 164.27, d = 1.76, p < 0.001), negative urgency (F = 210.33, d = −1.76, p < 0.001), and emotional clarity (F = 561.50, d = 1.81, p < 0.001). Time effects were also significant for all outcomes (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that DBT-ST effectively enhances response inhibition, reduces negative urgency, and improves emotional clarity in adolescents with DMDD, supporting its potential as a therapeutic intervention for this population.

Globally, learning paradigms are evolving due to the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into higher education. This study investigates the effects of Digital Literacy, Interactive AI Tools, and Adaptive Learning Technologies on Student Skills (SS), such as critical thinking, problem-solving, and learning performance. Data were gathered from 339 undergraduate students enrolled in private universities in Bahrain using a quantitative, cross-sectional design. The measurement model was verified using structural equation modeling (SEM), which produced excellent convergent validity (AVE = 0.614–0.748) and high reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.871–0.955). With R2 = 0.733, the structural model showed significant explanatory power, explaining 73.3% of the variation in student abilities across ALT, IAT, and DL. IAT had the greatest impact (β = 0.523, t = 6.510, p &lt; 0.001), followed by ALT (β = 0.179, t = 3.955, p &lt; 0.001) and DL (β = 0.160, t = 3.421, p &lt; 0.001), according to path analysis. Findings provide new empirical data in the GCC context and align with international studies, such as Lee et al. [1] and Asy’ari and Sharov [2]. The research emphasizes how interactive AI solutions and digital literacy can be strategically used to improve 21st-century skills. These findings quantitatively show that combining ALT, IAT, and DL may significantly and consistently improve student skill development in higher education, offering valuable insights for policymakers and educational leaders in Bahrain.

The objective of this research is to examine at how perceived usefulness perceived simplicity of use, security, convenience, and website design affect trust and satisfaction, as well as their direct and indirect consequences on internet banking adoption in Saudi Arabia. Despite the country’s tremendous technical improvements, use of internet banking remains low. A questionnaire study was conducted with 384 genuine internet banking customers in Saudi Arabia. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed the variables’ underlying structure, whereas confirmatory factor analysis using AMOS 22 confirmed reliability and validity. Structural equation modelling (SEM) in AMOS 22 was used to examine 22 hypotheses. According to the findings, perceived utility, perceived simplicity of use, convenience, and website design all had a favourable effect on trust and satisfaction, which in turn promoted online banking uptake. However, security had no meaningful effect on trust or satisfaction. The mediation study found that trust and contentment had a role in mediating the association between perceived utility, perceived ease of use, convenience, and website design and online banking uptake. Surprisingly, neither trust nor contentment mediated the association between security and adoption. The study model explained 62% of the variation in online banking usage. These results help us understand the critical roles of trust and happiness in online banking adoption in Saudi Arabia, and they provide significant insights for the banking industry to enhance consumer adoption strategies.