Gulistan State University

Farmonga ko‘ra, 2027-yildan ushbu idoralarning tuman va shahar bo‘limlari faoliyati tugatilib, 1-3 shtat birligidan iborat ixcham xizmat ko‘rsatish ofislari tashkil etiladi. Ularga har bir tuman va shaharlardagi biznes jarayonlari va funksiyalar qamrab olinadi. 2026-yilning 1-iyulidan g‘aznachilik tizimidagi jarayonlarni avtomatlashtirish hisobiga Raqamli g‘azna tizimi joriy etiladi.

In the article the possibilities and classification of ICTs and tools that can be used in organizing students’ independent study activities of higher education institutions has been explored. It is determined the students’ independent study activities is individual, group, collective activity and is implemented within the process of education under the condition of no pedagogy’s direct involvement. It complies with the requirements of the curriculum and syllabus and is aimed at students’ acquisition of some social experiences in line with the learning objectives of vocational training. The analysis of the latest information and technological approaches to the organization of students’ independent study activities made it possible to determine the means of realization of the leading forms of organization for this activity (independent and research work, lectures, consultations and non-formal education), to characterize and classify the ICTs and tools that support presentation of teaching materials, electronic communication, mastering of learning material, monitoring of students’ learning and cognitive activity, such as ones that serve for the sake of development and support of automated training courses, systems of remote virtual education with elements of artificial intelligence, which implement the principle of adaptive management of learning and the organization of students’ independent study activities.

Primary education is the most important stage in building the foundational basis of a learner’s literacy. It is precisely during this period that a child develops skills related to reading, understanding a text, expressing thoughts coherently, and applying rules and concepts in practice. However, the demands of modern education require that the teaching process in primary grades should not be limited only to “remembering knowledge” or “retelling” it. On the contrary, lessons should gradually make the learner’s thinking activity more complex; that is, together with lower-order thinking skills, they should consistently foster higher-order thinking skills as well. This article highlights the scientific and methodological foundations for integrating lower-order thinking skills as a “foundation” and higher-order thinking skills as an “intellectual and creative peak,” as well as the mechanisms for naturally moving toward the operations of analysis, evaluation, and creation through chains of questions and tasks in mother tongue and reading literacy lessons.

This article explores teachers’ attitudes towards extensive reading, critical thinking skill, and more importantly, towards developing critical thinking skill through extensive reading strategies. students are facing different obstacles that may hinder their learning process and development. One of those problems can be the lack of sufficient processing of information, which may lead to misunderstanding and misinterpreting any given material. In other words, they lack the ability to think critically. In order to carry out this research, a quantitative study has been conducted. Specially-designed questionnaire was administered to thirty-four English teachers of different educational establishments. The analysis of the questionnaire revealed that teachers and are aware of the existence of critical thinking skill and stress the importance of extensive reading in developing cognitive skills. Moreover, they showed a positive attitude towards developing critical thinking skill through extensive reading, however, the majority of students tend to ignore reading and abandon it and they are not trying to develop their critical thinking skill neither through extensive reading nor through other tools. Following the research findings, it is recommended to raise students’ awareness about the importance of extensive reading as well as critical thinking skill in foreign language teaching and learning. More importantly, to implement extensive reading programs that can help learners enhance their critical thinking skills.

This article analyzes the main factors influencing the level of financial literacy among the population. The research results show that the level of financial literacy depends on socio-demographic characteristics (age, gender, education level, income), financial knowledge, financial behavior, financial attitudes, and financial preparedness. In addition, family, marital status, national and religious characteristics, as well as an individual’s experience with financial products, play an important role in shaping financial literacy.

A Google Pay fraud detection system is proposed in this research, implemented in C++, which detects fraudulent transactions through a risk-based binary classification framework. The system analyzes key factors such as transaction amount, transaction frequency, device trust, and location mismatch to determine transaction legitimacy A binary output is generated by the system, with 0 denoting legitimate transactions and 1 denoting fraudulent transactions. The study highlights how machine learning–inspired approaches can be applied to real-time payment systems to improve security and prevent financial losses.

In this study the electrical properties of the GaAs/Si radial heterojunction by measuring them at various temperatures of 50 K to 500 K separated by 50 K at a time and considering the values of band gap narrowing (BGN), built-in potential, band gap difference between GaAs and Si, capacitance-voltage (C-voltage) curves. Precisely, we study shell radii 500 nm and 1000 nm in the structure. We find that the thickness of the depletion region of the GaAs/Si radial heterojunction increases with temperature. The BGN decreases by 2 meV as the doping concentration changes by 2∙10 -1 to 2∙10 -2 . Furthermore, the capacity power charge of the GaAs/Si radial heterojunction rises by 3 nF with hike in temperature between 50 K and 500 K. The inherent potential of the GaAs/Si radial heterojunction reduces by 1.5 volts with rise in temperature.

The step-by-step development of the plot in epics is regarded as a core component of artistic structure. Each stage reveals the hero’s life path, inner experiences, and relationship with the external world. This article examines the composition of Sa’dulla Hakim’s epic poem “Bola botir.”

Students need to be able to read critically, interpret deeply, and interact with literature at higher cognitive levels in today's technologically sophisticated and information-rich world. Barrett's Taxonomy serves as the analytical framework for this study, which examines the critical reading skills of philology students at the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanisation Engineers (TIIAME). Due to its philosophical and thematic depth, Ray Bradbury's short story The Last Night of the World was selected as the stimulus text. Written responses to evaluative and appreciative prompts, as well as multiple-choice questions designed to assess literal and inferential comprehension, were used to gather data. Each level's performance was evaluated using a scoring rubric. According to the findings, students' ability to identify explicit details at the literal level was moderately successful, but their inferential, evaluative, and appreciative skills declined significantly. Pupils found it challenging to engage with the text's literary and emotional aspects, decipher implied meanings, and examine deeper themes. These findings were supported by qualitative interviews, in which participants expressed confidence in simple tasks but struggled with higher-order comprehension because they had limited experience with critical reading. The combined findings of the quantitative and qualitative data point to a lack of development of advanced comprehension skills in the current curriculum. These results demonstrate the urgent need for curriculum reforms that prioritize critical reading and methodical practice in higher-order thinking to better prepare philology students for the demands of academic scholarship and modern literacy.

Abstract. Uralov U, Kudratov J, Pazilov A, Izzatullaev Z, Khalimov F, Otakulov B, Jabbarov A, Fundukchiev S, Orziyeva Y, Suyunov G, Abduxamidovich BM, Boymurodov K, Gulboev D, Urinova X. 2025. Diversity of gastropods (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in different altitude regions of the Zarafshan Mountains and adjacent areas, Uzbekistan. Biodiversitas 26: 5012-5022. As an important part of the food chain in nature, it is of great importance to determine the systematic structure and diversity of mollusks. This study presents data obtained by assessing the current state of the taxonomic structure of gastropod mollusks in biogeographical regions with different vertical heights in the study area. The study area includes 15 locations in the Zarafshan Mountains of Uzbekistan and adjacent areas. The study sites were formed based on more than 3,000 samples collected in 2018-2025. It was found that the gastropod fauna of the region consists of 80 species belonging to 21 families and 35 genera. Using modern morphological and anatomical methods of species identification, Archaica haziratishaxika was identified for science; the following species were recorded for the first time as new species for the region, adding to the region's biodiversity: Sogdamnicola shadini, Lymnaea fragilis, Galba truncatula, Radix bactriana, Candaharia rozeni, Macrochlamys turanica, Macrochlamys kasnakowi, Vertigo antivertigo, and Chondrina intumescens. The results obtained will serve as a primary source for supplementing the data on the gastropod fauna of mountain ranges in Uzbekistan with the missing data on the Zarafshan Mountains and adjacent areas, and will provide specialists with the first information on this area.