H-Cubed (United States)

To truly understand our country’s politics and presidential outcomes, it is important to examine past elections with similarly divisive campaign issues. The election of 2016 has brought into the open the feelings of anxiety, hatred and divisiveness towards Muslims and other minorities. Unfortunately, this chapter of our political history has been played out before in the 1856 presidential election. The American Party, or as is it better known the Know-Nothing Party, was anti-immigration and anti-Catholic. And leading the ticket in 1856 was a former president—Millard Fillmore.

A recent measurement campaign at Vandenberg Air Force Base, Calif. involved taking simultaneous observations with a VHF radar and high-data-rate (1-micron diameter) platinum wires to sense optical turbulence (from temperature fluctuations). The radar observations produce profiles of the refractive index structure parameter (C 2 n ), the turbulent kinetic energy (σ 2 t ), the eddy dissipation rate (e), the inner scale (l o ), the outer scale (L o ) of turbulence, and wind speed and direction to an altitude of 20 km AGL. The fine wire measurements were taken from the surface with several sensors mounted on a balloon-ring platform sampling in excess of 3 kHz to balloon burst altitudes (typically above 25 km AGL). The main objectives of this effort are to compare the two measurement techniques and to obtain observations that can address several fundamental turbulence issues of the real turbulent atmosphere related to laser beam propagation. To date, modeling and simulation of laser beam propagation through atmospheric turbulence have relied upon a traditional theoretical basis that assumes the existence of homogeneous, isotropic, stationary, and Kolmogorov turbulence. Results presented from the radar observations include C 2 n , σ 2 t , e, l o ,and the standard deviation of vertical velocity (σ w ). A comparison of the profiles of C 2 n obtained from the two measurement techniques is shown and discussed. A time series of temperature data obtained from a fine wire probe traversing one radar range gate is presented and discussed. Future measurement and analysis efforts are presented.

Simulators of CIE Illuminants D65 and D75 are widely used for visually judging colors, but D50 simulators are used in photography and color printing. The CIE method of assessing the quality of daylight simulators provides sets of virtual metamers for assessing D55, D65, and D75 simulators, but does not provide them for D50. Data specifying sets of metamers for assessing the quality of D50 simulators are presented. They are based in part on data in a Japanese standard and in part on newly derived data. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

This first annual report presents detection thresholds and probabilities, and location error ellipse projects for the United States National Seismic Network (USNSN) with and without cooperative stations in the eastern US. Network simulation methods are used with spectral noise levels at stations to simulate the processes of excitation, propagation, detection, and processing of seismic phases. USNSN alone should be capable of detecting 4 or more P waves for shallow crustal earthquakes in nearly all the eastern and central US at magnitude 3.8 level. When cooperative stations are added, the network should be able to detect 4 or more P waves from events 0.2 to 0.3 magnitude units lower. Planned expansion of USNSN and cooperative stations should improve detection levels by an additional 0.2-0.3 magnitudes units in many areas. Location uncertainties for USNSN can be improved by adding real-time cooperative stations. Median error ellipses for magnitude 4.5 earthquakes depend strongly on location, but uncertainties should be less than 100 km{sup 2} in the central US and degrade to 200 km{sup 2} or more offshore and sosuth and north of the international boundaries. Close cooperation with the Canadian National Network should substantially improve detection thresholds and location uncertainties along the Canadian border.

Abstract For convenience and reproducibility, daylight is artificially simulated for viewing and measuring colors. Daylight has been standardized in a way that is impractical. the evaluation of fluorescent materials requires simulation of the ultraviolet component of daylight or daylight through a window. Sources for viewing are assessed by spectroradiometry and standard computations. Sources for spectrophotometry may be tested the same way or by measuring radiance factors of fluorescent standards. Better manufacturing methods have improved glass filters. A new filter design method takes account of the spatiospectral nature of the source and affords many degrees of freedom.

A joint radar/aircraft optical turbulence measurement is discussed. The joint measurement was made over White Sands, New Mexico with a KC135E aircraft equipped with fiber film temperature probes and a ground-based atmospheric profiler. General meteorological conditions were such that the turbulence on the day of the experiment was fairly weak. Emphasis was placed on the 36,000 ft to 42,000 ft altitude regime. Results showed good agreement between the atmospheric profiler and the aircraft-based measurements.

Many sedimentary basins contain formations with pore fluids at pressures higher than hydrostatic value; these formations are called geopressured. The pore pressure is generally well in excess of hydrostatic and the fluids are saline, hot, and contain dissolved methane. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has drilled and tested deep wells in the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast region to evaluate the geopressured-geothermal resource. Geological information for the Pleasant Bayou geopressured resource in southeast Texas is most extensive among the reservoirs tested. Testing of the DOE well (Pleasant Bayou No. 2) was conducted during 1979–1983; testing resumed in May 1988. A numerical simulator is employed to synthesize and integrate the geological information, formation rock and fluid properties data from laboratory tests, and well data from the earlier (1979–1983) and the ongoing testing (1988–1991) of the well. A reservoir simulation model has been constructed which provides a detailed match to the well test history to date.

The Gladys McCall geopressured reservoir consists of an interbedded sequence of relatively thick sands and thin shales. The lateral extent of the reservoir is not well defined. Gladys McCall Well No. 1 produced approximately 4.0×106 m3 (25×106 barrels) of brine from Sand Zone No. 8 from October 7, 1983 through May 1987. Analysis of the flow data from the well has led to the development of a conceptual model of the reservoir, which depends on cross-flow from sands overlying/underlying Sand Zone No. 8 for the observed pressure maintenance. The fluid source is remote from the well in the sense that the fluid from the neighboring sands must flow a long distance to find a vertical pathway around the intervening shale stringers in order to recharge Sand Zone No. 8. A reservoir simulation model based on the conceptual model provides an excellent match to the detailed downhole pressure buildup measurements made during the original Reservoir Limits Test and two subsequent short-term buildup tests. The model has also been employed to match the production history of the Gladys McCall No. 1 well and to predict future reservoir response. Nevertheless, the reservoir model employed is not unique and alternate models for pressure maintenance are also being investigated.

Summary Several sources of statistical sampling bias may be present in network magnitude data. These sampling biases may be introduced by (1) clipping of seismograms at stations with large amplitudes, (2) non-detection of signals at stations with low amplitudes, and/or (3) geographic clustering of station measurements in regions of high or low amplitude. Geographic clustering is a feature of many networks (ISC and WWSSN) that may introduce sampling bias if station magnitudes are not statistically independent. Although the network weighted average may be computed for correlated data, the introduction of data censoring from clipping or non-detection requires a maximum-likelihood approach. A maximum-likelihood-event magnitude estimation method is presented that accounts for correlated data including the cases of data censoring by clipping and non-detection. A model for correlated station magnitude data is presented. the model treats each station magnitude pair as correlated and the station-station magnitude correlation as a function of the distance between stations on the focal sphere. the likelihood functions are defined for the correlation model and the event magnitude. A maximum-likelihood method of estimation for both the station-station correlation structure and the event magnitude is demonstrated for simple correlation structures. The extent to which correlated data bias event magnitude is a complicated function of network sampling and the test-site focusing-defocusing patterns over the network. Magnitude station-station correlation structures for southern Nevada, and Eastern Kazakh are estimated in a maximum-likelihood sense. Maximum-likelihood estimates are made for a selected set of events given the estimated station-station correlation structures. the results indicate that interstation correlation structures affect magnitudes of some Pahute Mesa and western US (WUS) events by as much as 0.08 magnitude units for the WWSSN (World-Wide Standard Seismograph Network) network. Eastern Kazakh events appear to be affected to a lesser extent by the sampling of correlated station magnitude data for the WWSSN network.