HOPE Innovations (Canada)

OPINION article Front. Public Health, 07 May 2014Sec. Epidemiology https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2014.00039

1.1 Viral vectors for gene therapy Gene therapy is a way to correct mutated genes in vivo by transferring normal genes into cells of patients with genetic diseases or cancers, or to introduce new genes into cells to express therapeutic proteins. Several viruses like adenoviruses (Nayak & Herzog, 2010; Raper et al., 2003), alphaviruses (Lundstrom, 2001, 2005), retroviruses (Aiuti et al., 2009; Bordignon et al., 1989, 1995; Cavazzana-Calvo et al., 2000; Ferrari et al., 1991; Halatsch et al., 2000), lentiviruses (Dupre et al., 2004; Mortellaro et al., 2006; Nayak & Herzog, 2010), adeno-associated viruses (AAV) (Jayandharan et al., 2011; Nayak & Herzog, 2010; Terzi & Zachariou, 2008), herpes simplex viruses type 1 (HSV-I) (Epstein, 2009), have been used as vectors to deliver normal genes into cells of patients for gene therapy. However, there were limitations and hurdles in using these vectors. Some viruses like retroviruses, lentiviruses might integrate into human genomic DNA and cause cancers (Dave et al., 2004; Du et al., 2005; Hacein-Bey-Abina et al., 2003a, 2003b; Z. Li et al., 2002; Modlich et al., 2005; Seggewiss et al., 2006). Most viruses can infect both normal cells and defective/cancer cells of patients, as long as the cells have receptors of the viruses (Antar et al., 2009; K. Holmes et al., 1997; Norkin, 1995; L. Song, 2010; L. Song et al., 2009; van den Wollenberg et al., 2008; van Houdt et al., 2008), and this might lead to serious infections, inflammatory responses, and immunological reactions (Nayak & Herzog, 2010).

This article investigates changing lake levels in the late Pleistocene eastern Great Lakes inorder to gain insights into the Early Palaeo-Indian occupations. Significant new informationbearing on lake level history is provided, notably the first well-documented deposits of a highwater level above modern in the ca. 11,000–10,300 B.P. period in the southern Lake Huronbasin. The lake level information, along with paleoenvironmental and site data, reinforcessite age estimates to the 11th millennium B.P.; suggests significant numbers of sites have beeninundated by rising water levels; provides specific informationonthe settingofarchaeologicalsites such as placing the Parkhill site adjacent to a large lake estuary; indicates reasons forthe attractiveness of shorelines to Palaeo-Indians including persistence of more open areasconducive to higher game productivity; and points to ideal areas for future archaeologicalsite survey, particularly in the Lake Erie drainage. 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.