Hengyang Normal University

Lightweight cryptography aims to achieve security with minimal resource footprints and low computational overhead. In particular, efficient implementations of linear layers are recognized as a crucial component. Boyar et al. showed that finding an optimal implementation of linear layers reduces to the Shortest Linear Program (SLP) problem, which is NP-hard. Consequently, various heuristic methods have been developed to search for near-optimal solutions. In this work, low-latency implementations are prioritized, and a heuristic search algorithm named HILL (Heuristic Implementation for Low-Latency Linear layers) is proposed. To further balance cost and delay, the h-XOR metric is integrated into HILL, where 2/3-input XOR gates are dynamically weighted to achieve an optimized trade-off between the circuit area and depth. Compared with the heuristic search proposed by Li et al. (FSE 2019), which yields an AES MixColumns implementation requiring 315 gate equivalents (GEs) at depth 3, our approach achieves 270.4 GEs at the same depth, corresponding to a 14.2% area reduction. To the best of our knowledge, this is one of the most efficient hardware implementations of AES linear layers in terms of both area and depth. Furthermore, implementation costs are minimized for all 4254 Maximum Distance Separable (MDS) matrices proposed by Li et al.

ABSTRACT Achieving reversible insertion/extraction in most cathodes for aqueous aluminum ion batteries (AAIBs) is a significant challenge due to the high charge density of Al 3+ and strong electrostatic interactions. Herein, we reported the first integration of a hydrangea−like BiOI cathode with zinc anode in a 1 м Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 0.1 м NaCl electrolyte for aqueous rechargeable battery application. Experimental combined with density function theory (DFT) analyses reveal that chloride ion (Cl − ) partially substitutes iodide (I − ) in the BiOI lattice, forming interfaces that facilitate rapid Al 3+ ion deintercalation and intercalation kinetics. The resultant Lewis−acidic environment suppresses parasitic side reaction and mitigates anode passivation. Consequently, the fabricated Zn/AC10/BiOI cell provides a high specific capacity of 203 mAh g −1 at a high current density of 5 A g −1 , with a capacity retention rate of 94.1% and coulomb efficiency of nearly 100% even after 1500 cycles. Furthermore, leveraging the strong visible−light absorption of BiOI, the proposed photo‐rechargeable AAIBs exhibits a 23.1% increase in discharge capacity (from 242 mAh g −1 to 298 mAh g −1 at 0.5 A g −1 ) under illumination.

The construction of high-speed railways (HSRs) is the core engine for promoting the economic integration and spatial structure optimization of the Guangdong–Hong Kong–Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA). Changes in land use along HSR corridors are inextricably linked to the efficacy of regional coordinated development and ecological protection initiatives, as well as the realization of regional sustainable development. Nevertheless, past relevant studies exhibit prominent limitations. First, the lack of effective methodologies for the intuitive comparison of multiple research subjects makes it difficult to accurately portray the differential characteristics of land use across various HSR routes. Second, the insufficient comprehensive analysis of the dynamic evolution of landscape patterns along routes, coupled with the absence of intuitive spatial visualization expressions, fails to explicitly reveal the spatiotemporal differentiation of landscape fragmentation, which hinders sustainable land resource utilization and ecological protection. To address these gaps, this study introduces the intensity comparison map and the comprehensive index map of landscape fragmentation and takes six typical HSRs in the GBA to conduct an intuitive comparative analysis of land use changes along multiple routes. Results show that land use evolution along HSRs presents distinct phased characteristics, with construction land acting as the core driving factor. Its proportion increases continuously, while the proportions of cultivated land and water bodies decline dramatically. Significant disparities exist in land use evolution across different HSR routes, which are closely associated with the natural and economic conditions of the traversed regions, reflecting the heterogeneous adaptability between individual routes and regional development dynamics. High landscape fragmentation areas are predominantly distributed in the transition zones between construction land and natural landscapes; fragmentation intensifies during the planning and construction phases and stabilizes or even diminishes along certain routes during the operation phase, with human activities identified as the pivotal influencing factor. This research deepens the understanding of the interaction mechanism between transportation infrastructure and land use changes in the GBA and provides a scientific basis for sustainable HSR construction planning, the rational utilization of land resources, and the coordinated advancement of ecological protection in the GBA and other similar regions worldwide, thus facilitating the sustainable development of high-density urban agglomerations globally.

Two-dimensional (2D) material heterostructure technology has been widely applied in numerous photodetectors due to its efficient light–matter interaction and versatile device construction. However, less attention has been paid to the coordinated optimization of photogenerated carrier dynamics, spanning generation, separation, and transportation procedures, which requires comprehensive consideration from both optical and electrical aspects. Here, we designed and fabricated a six-electrode ZnTe/Bi2O2Se heterostructure photodetector, which enables a direct comparison of the performance of three material configurations (ZnTe, Bi2O2Se, and the heterostructure) within a single device. The ZnTe nanoribbon, with its direct-bandgap structure, exhibits efficient light absorption and photogenerated carrier production. When combined with the high carrier mobility of Bi2O2Se 2D nanosheets, the heterostructure region demonstrates superior photoresponse under weak light illumination compared to the individual material regions; the responsivity reaches 107.6 A/W, more than twice that of the Bi2O2Se region. The stable photoresponse of the heterostructure region under low light intensity and low bias voltage makes it suitable for optical imaging applications. This work highlights the importance of heterostructure technology and device architecture design, providing insights for achieving high-performance photodetectors.