Higher Education Institution Lucia de Brouckère

In Germany, numerous amendments have been made in the last year which are intended to take into account the special features of agrivoltaic systems. This is very welcome. Nevertheless, some legal challenges remain. In order to advance the technology and contribute to the energy transition and sustainable food production, the comprehensive embedding of this technology in the legal framework is crucial. Because ultimately, the way is only paved when all uncertainties have been removed. Agrivoltaics offers a solution to the conflict of interest between the sealing of land on the one hand and the need to increase the use of photovoltaic systems on the other. An analysis of the four sectors of public law, energy law, EU agricultural subsidies and tax law will present the current state of the legal framework for agrivoltaics in Germany, following-up the authors’ contribution “Legal framework of agrivoltaics in Germany” in previous proceedings of the AgriVoltaics conference series [1]. Agrivoltaic systems are usually erected outside settlement areas without a development plan. In many cases it is difficult to obtain permission for these areas, as it is not always possible to classify them as privileged projects. In the area of a development plan, the designated use may collide with an installation of the photovoltaic system. Regarding the Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG), it is to be noted that separate financial support schemes have now been introduced for certain agrivoltaic installations. A crucial question for farmers remains whether their land loses its eligibility for EU direct payments through the use of this technology. Here, too, the legislator has set an important course for agrivoltaics. This also applies in the area of inheritance-, gift-, land- and real estate transfer-tax law.

We investigated whether punicalagin-rich pomegranate extract (PE) protects skeletal muscle of mice against inflammation induced by an acute injection of TNF-α. Mice fed with PE or standard chow during 6 wk were injected with TNF-α (100 ng/g) or vehicle and sacrificed 6 h later. Prior supplementation with PE prevented the loss of tibialis anterior mass induced by TNF-α. In skeletal muscle, the activation of the NF-κB signaling and the induction of cytokines mRNA were reduced in mice having received PE. In those mice, the activity of the Akt/mTORC1 pathway and the protein synthesis were maintained after TNF-α injection whereas markers involved in the ubiquitin proteasome pathway were less activated. As urolithin A was the only punicalagin metabolite detectable in plasma of mice supplemented with PE, we performed in vitro experiments using a murine cell line (C2C12) to provide evidence that urolithin A is likely the active compound protecting skeletal muscle against TNF-α-induced inflammation. These results suggest that supplementation with a punicalagin-rich PE may protect skeletal muscle against an acute inflammation.

A parametric down conversion source pumped by a monochromatic laser will produce frequency entangled photon pairs. We demonstrate this by an experiment in which five-dimensional frequency entanglement is manipulated at telecommunication wavelengths using commercially available components such as electro-optic phase modulators and narrowband frequency filters. A theoretical intuition for this approach is developed by introducing the notion of frequency bin entanglement. We conclude by showing that using this method one can in principle violate the CHSH, the CGLMP, and a new – as yet unnamed – Bell inequalities.

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Among the Chromatiaceae, the glutathione derivative gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine amide, or glutathione amide, was reported to be present in facultative aerobic as well as in strictly anaerobic species. The gene (garB) encoding the central enzyme in glutathione amide cycling, glutathione amide reductase (GAR), has been isolated from Chromatium gracile, and its genomic organization has been examined. The garB gene is immediately preceded by an open reading frame encoding a novel 27.5-kDa chimeric enzyme composed of one N-terminal peroxiredoxin-like domain followed by a glutaredoxin-like C terminus. The 27.5-kDa enzyme was established in vitro to be a glutathione amide-dependent peroxidase, being the first example of a prokaryotic low molecular mass thiol-dependent peroxidase. Amino acid sequence alignment of GAR with the functionally homologous glutathione and trypanothione reductases emphasizes the conservation of the catalytically important redox-active disulfide and of regions involved in binding the FAD prosthetic group and the substrates glutathione amide disulfide and NADH. By establishing Michaelis constants of 97 and 13.2 microm for glutathione amide disulfide and NADH, respectively (in contrast to K(m) values of 6.9 mm for glutathione disulfide and 1.98 mm for NADPH), the exclusive substrate specificities of GAR have been documented. Specificity for the amidated disulfide cofactor partly can be explained by the substitution of Arg-37, shown by x-ray crystallographic data of the human glutathione reductase to hydrogen-bond one of the glutathione glycyl carboxylates, by the negatively charged Glu-21. On the other hand, the preference for the unusual electron donor, to some extent, has to rely on the substitution of the basic residues Arg-218, His-219, and Arg-224, which have been shown to interact in the human enzyme with the NADPH 2'-phosphate group, by Leu-197, Glu-198, and Phe-203. We suggest GAR to be the newest member of the class I flavoprotein disulfide reductase family of oxidoreductases.