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All design specifications for steel reinforced concrete structures provide guidelines for the thickness of minimum concrete cover over the reinforcing steel. The thickness of the concrete cover is a function of many considerations such as cracking, migration of deleterious substances that can cause corrosion of steel, or constructability concerns. This paper examines the current state of practice for concrete covers for buried steel reinforced concrete structures from the perspective of chloride-induced corrosion. The evaluation is performed using the fully probabilistic fib model for chloride-induced corrosion. Results of parametric analysis based on the Monte Carlo simulation procedure are presented. Correlation is made with a reliability index to permit an evaluation of the current codes based on reliability principles.

<b>Prescription and efficacy of daclatasvir and sofosbuvir ± ribavirin, including patient-reported outcomes, in routine practice in three European countries: the CMPASS-EU cohort study. Objectives</b>: To identify patient characteristics associated with routine prescription of daclatasvir (DCV) in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and evaluate effectiveness, safety and quality-of-life (QoL) changes for DCV-based regimens. <b>Methods</b>: A prospective, observational cohort study in Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands collected baseline data from all patients initiating a new HCV regimen, with 12-month follow-up of DCV-based treatments. Baseline predictors of prescription, longitudinal efficacy, and patient-reported QoL outcomes (EQ-5D, EQ-VAS and SF-36 global physical/mental health) on DCV were assessed. <b>Results</b>: Of 914 patients analyzed, 470 were prescribed DCV (469 with sofosbuvir [SOF] ± ribavirin [RBV]) and 444 non-DCV regimens. A high proportion prescribed DCV were cirrhotic (36%) and/or illicit drug users (IDU; 24%). Multivariate predictors of DCV treatment included genotype 3 infection (odds ratio 85.9 [95% confidence interval 43.5–170]), age ≥65 years (2.0 [1.2–3.3]), and cirrhosis (3.3 [2.0–5.3]). Sustained virologic response on DCV+SOF±RBV (observed) was 96–100% across subgroups of IDU, HIV co-infection, HCV genotype and cirrhosis status. Statistically significant improvements in all QoL outcomes were observed over 12 months of DCV+SOF±RBV irrespective of RBV use or cirrhosis status, but IDU had no change in SF-36 global mental health although other outcomes improved. <b>Conclusions</b>: In this cohort, DCV+SOF±RBV was efficacious for HCV treatment across a range of subgroups and associated with QoL improvements.

Performance + InstructionVolume 34, Issue 8 p. 4-7 Article Reducing impositions on working memory through instructional strategies John D. Farquhar, John D. Farquhar jxf18@psu.edu John Farquhar, Ph.D., is assistant professor of Instructional Design and Technology at Penn State Harrisburg. He teaches courses in training technologies and researches the application of learning theory toward instructional technology. He may be reached at (717) 948-6730.Search for more papers by this authorDaniel W. Surry, Daniel W. Surry Dr. Daniel Surry, Ed.D., is assistant professor, Area of Teacher Education, at The University of Alabama. He teaches courses in educational computer technology and conducts research into the adoption and diffusion of instructional innovations.Search for more papers by this author John D. Farquhar, John D. Farquhar jxf18@psu.edu John Farquhar, Ph.D., is assistant professor of Instructional Design and Technology at Penn State Harrisburg. He teaches courses in training technologies and researches the application of learning theory toward instructional technology. He may be reached at (717) 948-6730.Search for more papers by this authorDaniel W. Surry, Daniel W. Surry Dr. Daniel Surry, Ed.D., is assistant professor, Area of Teacher Education, at The University of Alabama. He teaches courses in educational computer technology and conducts research into the adoption and diffusion of instructional innovations.Search for more papers by this author First published: September 1995 https://doi.org/10.1002/pfi.4170340803 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume34, Issue8September 1995Pages 4-7 RelatedInformation