Higher National Veterinary School

Arthropod-borne diseases are increasingly reported in temperate regions, reflecting the combined effects of climate variability, environmental change, and global movement of humans and animals. This review addresses how different arthropod vectors contribute to disease emergence in these regions and aims to identify shared and vector-specific drivers of transmission. A comparative synthesis of recent literature was conducted focusing on mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, and biting midges, using a stage-based framework encompassing introduction, establishment and overwintering, seasonal amplification, and spillover to humans or animals. The analysis shows that although climate-related factors commonly facilitate expansion, the biological traits of each vector group strongly influence persistence, transmission dynamics, and detectability. Differences in overwintering capacity, host associations, and dispersal mechanisms result in distinct emergence pathways and surveillance challenges. The findings indicate that early warning indicators and control options are highly context dependent and cannot be applied uniformly across vector groups. This narrative review concludes that effective preparedness in temperate regions requires surveillance and intervention strategies tailored to specific vectors and ecological settings.

ABSTRACT This study examines the impact of aging in diesel fuel and engine oil media on the impact properties of mixed short and woven fiber glass in composite laminates. The current research analyses mixed laminates consisting of eight plies of fiber glass textiles (Taffetas 450 g/m 2 , Mat 300 g/m 2 , and Mat 450 g/m 2 ) and unsaturated polyester resins, which are achieved through the vacuum assisted resin transfer molding method. To accurately characterize mix‐glass/unsaturated polyester composite materials and comprehend the phenomena that alter their behavior, absorption tests in aggressive environments, as well as mechanical tests and morphological analysis, following the absorption period, are conducted on composite laminates. The primary objective of our study is to assess mechanical properties like the impact strength and impact strength retention through Charpy impact tests, and also to evaluate the morphological properties through scanning electron microscopy during the aging in two harsh environments: engine oil and diesel fuel, over various time periods. To examine the physico‐chemical changes and their effects on the impact strength properties of composite laminates, a comparative analysis of these properties is conducted for both unaged and aged specimens in two environments. The analysis of all acquired results indicates that aging duration and harsh conditions significantly affect the impact strength behavior of mixed (Mat/Taffetas) GFRP composite.

Agricultural irrigation accounts for approximately 90% of global freshwater consumption. As water scarcity intensifies, the reuse of treated wastewater (TWW) emerges as a viable and sustainable solution. While the reuse of wastewater can enhance soil properties, it also poses risks, such as increased soil salinization and heavy metal contamination. This study compared the effects of irrigation using TWW and groundwater (GW) on soil physicochemical properties in Algeria. The analysis is based on laboratory assessments of pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TDS, salinity, and calcium carbonate contents, along with soil quality index (SQI) in both irrigated and non-irrigated (control) soils. Statistical analyses revealed significant variations among treatments. TWW-irrigated soils exhibited higher pH (7.48 ± 0.04) but lower EC1 : 5 (262.5 ± 12.58 μS/cm) and salinity (0.127 ± 0.005 g/kg) compared to GW-irrigated soils. GW samples showed elevated salinity levels, suggesting the need for salt-tolerant crops, while TWW and control samples indicated optimal EC1 : 5 values. Soil samples were neutral to slightly alkaline, suitable for a wide range of crops, and exhibited high limestone content, indicating potential for cultivating calcicole species. Findings suggest that TWW reuse is preferable to GW, as it does not adversely affect soil properties and supports the sustainability of the water-soil-plant ecosystem. SQI results indicated TWW-irrigated soil had moderate quality similar to control, while 67.7% of GW-irrigated soils had poor quality. The implementation of agroforestry systems is recommended to mitigate salinity risks associated with high lime of Calcisols. Extensive monitoring of soil properties and inclusion of further indicators such as heavy metals, biochemical, and microbial traits are advisable.

Aluminum toxicity is a major problem for the growth of plants in acidic soils. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria such as Bacillus toyonensis Bt04 offer promising solutions to alleviate such stress through hormonal modulation and improved stress tolerance. This study investigated the ability of Bt04 to mitigate aluminum toxicity in maize roots and its interaction with auxin transport. Efflux inhibitor 1-N-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA) and influx inhibitor 1-naphthoxyacetic acid (1-NOA) were applied to assess their effects on stress phytohormone dynamics and aluminum accumulation. Bt04 inoculation reduced aluminum accumulation in root tissues, particularly in the transition zone, which is consistent with the improvement of root barrier functions or exclusion mechanisms. Hormone profiling revealed that Bt04 produced significant quantities of salicylic and benzoic acid (3000 and 15,430 pmol g-1DW, respectively), while abscisic acid (ABA) and jasmonic acid (JA) productions were low. Auxin transport modulation showed distinct effects on root hormone profiles. NPA suppressed ABA level, whereas 1-NOA enhanced its accumulation by 124% under stress. Bt04 amplified or reversed these effects depending on the type of co-treatment, highlighting its regulatory role in hormonal homeostasis. JA levels increased after NPA treatment, reaching 13,323 pmol g-1DW, but were reduced by 81% when Bt04 was co-applied. Bt04 together with 1-NOA increased JA and JA-Ile under stress, respectively by 81% and 159%, indicating a stress-specific synergy. These results demonstrate that Bt04 mitigates aluminum toxicity by modulating hormonal crosstalk and auxin transport, making it a potential tool for use in biofertilization strategies to improve crop resilience in acidic, aluminum-affected soils.

Durum wheat (Triticum durum) is a staple crop in the Mediterranean region, where it faces serious threats from arthropod pests that can significantly reduce yields. This study aimed to assess the diversity and seasonal dynamics of insect pest communities associated with durum wheat under contrasting climatic conditions in northern Algeria. A total of 18 and 20 species were recorded at the semi-arid and sub-humid sites, represented by Bouira and Algiers respectively, with seven dominant and common species identified at both sites: Aeolothrips fasciatus, Limothrips cerealium, Haplothrips tritici, Melanthrips pallidior (Thysanoptera), Hydrellia griseola, Liriomyza trifolii (Diptera), and Rhopalosiphum padi (Hemiptera). Insect populations were present throughout the wheat growth cycle, with abundance peaks occurring in February at Algiers and in May at Bouira. A general decrease in insect numbers was observed with rising temperatures, although this trend varied among species. The findings enhance current understanding of pest assemblages in North African cereal systems and support the development of regionally adapted and ecologically sound monitoring and pest management strategies.

L'interdiction des antibiotiques favorisant la croissance (PCA) dans les régimes à base de produits laitiers en 2006 était principalement motivée par les inquiétudes des producteurs laitiers concernant la résistance aux antibiotiques, qui constitue une menace pour la santé humaine et animale. L’utilisation générale d’antibiotiques en agriculture conduit au développement de cultures bactériennes résistantes, réduisant leur efficacité dans le traitement des infections. Par ailleurs, la présence de résidus d’antibiotiques dans les produits d’origine animale suscite d’importantes préoccupations en termes de sécurité alimentaire et de santé des consommateurs. Ces déficits ont incité à rechercher des solutions alternatives qui peuvent maintenir et améliorer la santé et la productivité animales sans contribuer à ces problèmes. Les phytobiotiques sont considérés comme une alternative prometteuse aux antibiotiques. Ces composés naturels, constitués de diverses herbes, épices et plantes, sont reconnus depuis longtemps pour leurs bienfaits pour la santé. Historiquement appréciés pour leurs propriétés antimicrobiennes, anti-inflammatoires et digestives, ils sont aujourd’hui explorés pour des utilisations similaires en nutrition animale. Le regain d’intérêt pour les phytobiotiques reflète leur potentiel à répondre aux préoccupations croissantes concernant la résistance aux antibiotiques et la contamination chimique des produits alimentaires. Cette étude vise à faire le point sur les progrès de la recherche sur l'utilisation des phytobiotiques comme alternative aux antibiotiques chez les espèces monogastriques (ex : campagnol) et les ruminants (ex : bovins, ovins et chevaux). L’objectif est également d’évaluer leur impact sur d’autres facteurs que les performances animales, le bien-être et l’impact environnemental des pratiques agricoles. Des études antérieures ont montré que les phytobiotiques améliorent les performances animales en augmentant les taux de croissance, l’efficacité de la conversion alimentaire et la productivité globale. Ils jouent également un rôle crucial dans le maintien de la santé animale en stimulant les réponses immunitaires et la santé intestinale. De plus, l’utilisation de produits phytobiotiques a été associée à une réduction de l’impact environnemental de l’agriculture, notamment en réduisant les émissions de méthane chez les ruminants et en réduisant le besoin d’additifs chimiques de synthèse dans l’alimentation animale. Ces avantages soulignent le potentiel des phytobiotiques comme alternative durable et respectueuse de la santé aux antibiotiques conventionnels, à l’exception de leur volume.