Himgiri Zee University

Temperature stress, including both high and low temperatures, has become a major constraint to global agricultural productivity under changing climatic conditions. Increasing temperatures and frequent heat waves adversely affect physiological and biochemical processes in crops such as Indian mustard, leading to reduced photosynthesis, membrane instability, oxidative damage, and ultimately lower yield. Temperature stress also increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which disrupts cellular homeostasis, accelerates reproductive failure, and reduces biomass and oil yield. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in regulating plant responses to temperature stress by linking environmental signals with physiological and molecular mechanisms. Stress-induced ABA biosynthesis, particularly through activation of the NCED enzyme, initiates the PYR/PYL–PP2C–SnRK2 signalling pathway, leading to the expression of stress-responsive genes. ABA regulates stomatal closure, enhances antioxidant defence systems, and maintains osmotic balance under adverse temperature conditions. Proline, an important compatible osmolyte, also contributes significantly to stress tolerance. It protects cellular structures, stabilizes proteins and membranes, and scavenges reactive oxygen species generated during stress. Increased proline accumulation has been frequently associated with thermo-tolerant genotypes, contributing to improved membrane stability and enhanced recovery after stress exposure. Recent studies suggest a close interaction between ABA signaling and proline metabolism. ABA-mediated pathways stimulate proline biosynthesis and suppress its degradation, creating a regulatory network that helps maintain redox balance and cellular stability under temperature stress. The literature used in this review was systematically collected from major scientific databases, including Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and PubMed, using relevant keywords related to ABA, proline metabolism, and temperature stress. Selected peer-reviewed studies were screened for relevance, and only those providing molecular, physiological, and biochemical insights into ABA–proline interactions under temperature stress were included.

Aims: The study evaluates genetic variability in response to temperature stress under early- and timely-sown conditions in the Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India. Study Design: The field tests employed an Augmented Randomized Complete Block Design (ARCBD) featuring two sowing conditions in pots. Place and Duration of Study: The study took place at the Jigyasa University campus in the Doon Valley, Uttarakhand, India, during the 2023–24 Rabi season. Methodology: 100 genotypes of Indian mustard were planted in pots using an Augmented Randomised Complete Block Design. The pots were placed in two different sowing environments: early and timely sowing. In five blocks, 95 of the 100 Indian mustard genotypes were planted as test treatments and 5 as check treatments. All blocks were treated identically in both sowing settings. Along with temperature, data on morphological, phenological, yield, and physiological traits were regularly recorded. After harvesting, statistical tests were performed to examine PCV, GCV, ECV, hBS, and GAM. Results: The study indicated significant genetic variability among 100 Indian mustard genotypes studied under early (ES) and timely sowing (TS) environments in the Doon Valley. Treatment-adjusted and block-adjusted ANOVA indicated highly significant (P ≤ 0.01) differences for most morphological, yield, and physiological traits in both environments. Silique per plant (SPP), seed yield per plant (SYP), oil yield per plant (OYP), harvest index (HI), and membrane stability index (MSI) exhibited high genotypic (GCV > 20%) and phenotypic (PCV > 20%) coefficients of variation coupled with high heritability (>80%) and high genetic advance (>40%), indicating strong additive gene action. Early sowing conditions maintained uniformity, whereas timely sowing showed comparatively higher variability (CV up to 7.08% for SYP). Oil content (%) remained non-significant in ANOVA and showed low GCV (0.48%) under ES, indicating limited genetic variability, though improved expression was observed under TS. Physiological traits such as MSI and RWC demonstrated significant variability, confirming differential thermo-tolerance among genotypes. Conclusion: The findings confirm the presence of available genetic variability for yield and stress-related traits under both sowing environments. Traits such as SPP, SYP, OYP, HI, SMS, and MSI exhibited high heritability and genetic advance, suggesting the significance of additive gene action and suitability for direct selection. Early sowing effectively distinguished genotypes under mild heat stress, while timely sowing reflected greater phenotypic expression under temperature variation. Oil content showed comparatively narrow variability, indicating the need for targeted breeding approaches. Overall, multi-environment evaluation proved essential for identifying stable, high-yielding, and temperature-resilient genotypes suitable for climate-adaptive mustard breeding programs in the Doon Valley.

Abstract Aims: The aim of the study was to compare the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) findings of patients with papilledema and normal subjects. Settings and Design: This was a prospective case-control study. Materials and Methods: Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (ppRNFL) thickness as depicted by SD-OCT of 180 eyes of 45 patients with papilledema (90 eyes), and normal controls (90 eyes) was analyzed. The mean retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness of all quadrants was measured in both groups. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) were also calculated. Statistical analysis used: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS v21. Quantitative variables were expressed as mean, standard deviation, median, and interquartile range. P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Papilledema group had thicker ppRNFL in all quadrants (P < 0.01). There was an increase in mean ppRNFL thickness with the severity of papilledema. Superior left RNFL had the highest AUROC (0.99) indicating high diagnostic ability to differentiate papilledema from normal eyes. Conclusion: SD-OCT can be used as a tool to differentiate between papilledema and normal eyes.

Background: Renal replacement therapy (RRT) is advised in end-stage renal disease, the last stage of chronic kidney disease (CKD). RRT includes maintenance hemodialysis (MHD)/peritoneal dialysis/renal transplant. The requirement for MHD is annually escalating in India. It is important to note that over 80% of patients receiving MHD have at least one cardiac disease at the time of dialysis initiation, such as ischemic heart disease, congestive cardiac failure, and arrhythmias. Aims and Objectives: The present study aimed to study high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) serum level as a marker of cardiovascular injury in patients receiving MHD. It was an attempt to envisage a correlation between serum hs-cTnI and hemodialysis (HD) vintage (duration since initiation of dialysis till date). Materials and Methods: We enrolled 40 patients. Group 1 included those who had received MHD for ≤24 months, and Group 2 included those who had received MHD for more than 24 months. Results: We found no significant difference between the two groups’ clinical characteristics and demographic features. The pre-and post-HD serum hs-cTnI values of all patients were recorded. The serum hs-cTnI levels were found to be elevated in 34 out of 40 patients’ post-dialysis, and the result was statistically significant (P=0.0001). Conclusion: The present study has encouraging results, with values of hs-cTnI raised in post-dialysis samples; however, the levels did not correlate with HD vintage. Further studies with larger sample sizes and longer follow-ups would provide more detailed information on hs-cTnI’s role as a marker for HD-induced cardiac damage.

Background The Advent of the COVID -19 pandemic has necessitated the quick exploration of new drugs. Synthetic approach is time consuming and expensive with uncertainty. The natural products can be explored as this approach is cost effective and takes less time to investigate. The ethnic significance of Grewia hirsuta has given clues of Immunomodulator potential. Hydro ethanolic extract of Grewia hirsuta was explored and compared with established levamisole. Materials and Methods In vitro, immunomodulator models on human lymphocytes and In vivo carbon clearance model in Swiss albino mice were studied by lymphotoxicity and lymphocyte proliferation. Results Hydro ethanolic extract of Grewia hirsuta has shown similar results of immunomodulation comparable with levamisole in statistically significant studies assessed by Dunnett’s test. Conclusion Hydro ethanolic extract has shown decreased lymphocyte toxicity and increased lymphocyte proliferation.

Objective: The current study aimed to optimize the bioavailability and absorption of olmesartan in the lower gastrointestinal tract by creating a bilayer tablet for biphasic drug release. Methods: Microcrystalline cellulose was combined and direct compression the requirement for an early response to address an undesirable defect or condition. In the current instance, 5 mg of olmesartan must be released immediately, and the remaining 10 mg of olmesartan must be released gradually to maintain the therapeutic concentration. In order to adjust the release pattern of the olmesartan sustained release tablet in accordance with the needs of therapy and IP guidelines. Result: The best cumulative drug release was demonstrated by formulation. All formulations for immediate release support the first-order kinetics. As a result, all three formulations were chosen for additional research. Dissolution rate for long-term release Cumulative drug release from the SR1 to SR3 formulations using HPMC K15M and gum acacia was up to 24 hours. Utilizing HPMC K15M and guar gum, the formulations SR1, SR2, and SR3 demonstrated cumulative drug releases of 72.66, 69.19, and 92.66%, respectively. The best cumulative release of the drug was demonstrated by formulations SR1, SR2, and SR3. Consequently, everyone was chosen for additional research. The cumulative drug release for the IR1-SR1, IR2-SR2, and IR3-SR3 bilayer tablet formulations was 95.24, 90.15, and 91.09%. Up to 12 hours of cumulative drug release from the formulation was observed. As a result, it was determined that IR1-SR1 was the best formulation out of all of them due to its strong correlation between the total cumulative percentage of medication releases and time, which was 95.24% up to 12 hours.

Phosphorus is one of the primary nutrients required in crop production. Rock phosphate is the raw material required for the manufacturing of soluble phosphorus fertilizers, which is nonrenewable in nature and expected to last for 50–400 years. The restriction of resources to few geographical locations makes its supply more vulnerable. In India, 90% of the rock phosphate for fertilizer manufacturing is imported. However, the low quality of rock phosphate deposits available in India can be utilized with certain modifications in the form of addition of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, addition of gypsum, and in the form of phospho-enriched compost. Agriculture, livestock, urban and industrial waste can also prove to be a source of phosphorus through crystallization of struvite. There are encouraging results of struvite compared with soluble phosphorus fertilizers. This will reduce the import dependency in India as well as encourage the Atmanirbhar initiative in phosphorus fertilizer.

This study dealt with determining the Clinical and Hematological. Efficacy of Glitazones and Alpha glucosidase inhibitors as a second line of therapy in patients having Type II Diabetes Mellitus on Sulphonyl urea and Metformin therapy since 2 years prior to the conduction of the study. It involved a population size of a total number of 10 male and female patients suffering from Type II Diabetes Mellitus who were on Sulphonyl urea therapy since a period of 3 months with the primary test products involved were PIOMED and ELITOX. Both the test drugs showed almost similar efficacy for the disease. As this Study was of short duration (3 months), it was difficult to assess which drug would have been better as a third agent for treatment of type 2 Diabetes Mellitus as both showed almost similar efficacy and were able to maintain the blood glucose level within optimal range. In order to observe a substantial and noticeable change in the population a prolonged time span is required.