Horseed International University

This study provides a comparative analysis of the foreign policies of the European Union (EU) and the African Union (AU), focusing on their objectives, strategies, and challenges. Employing a qualitative research methodology via documentary review, the study analyzes secondary sources including official documents, policy statements, and academic literature. Key findings outline the distinct objectives of each union: the EU emphasizes promoting its values, democracy, rule of law, and human rights internationally (Article 21.1 TEU), while the AU prioritizes the promotion of peace, security, stability, and African solidarity (Article 3.h of the Constitutive Act). Similarities are found in their shared goals of promoting peace, security, democracy, and human rights. Divergences emerge in the EU's focus on regional integration and global governance versus the AU's emphasis on continental unity, economic development, and poverty eradication. Factors shaping EU policy include its treaty framework and member state interests, whereas AU policy is influenced by historical context, colonial legacy, and continental peace challenges. Both unions face significant implementation hurdles: the EU contends with achieving consensus among member states and external perceptions, while the AU grapples with limited resources, peace and security challenges, and weak enforcement mechanisms.

This study analyzes the impact of the European Union's economic and political policies on Somalia, focusing on their implementation and effects. Through qualitative analysis and documentary review, the research examines EU interventions in supporting transitional governments, constitutional reform, human rights, financial assistance, trade integration, and private sector development. The findings indicate that EU policies have contributed to trade and development, delivered crucial development aid, facilitated agreements like the Fisheries Partnership Agreement, and supported governance, state-building, and migration/security initiatives. The implementation of these policies occurs through political dialogue, financial and technical assistance, and support for security and economic programs. However, major challenges impede effective implementation, including political instability, weak institutional capacity, corruption, limited infrastructure, a dominant informal economy, and trade barriers. The study concludes that while EU policies have positively influenced several sectors, their long-term success requires greater local ownership, enhanced capacity-building, concerted efforts to address corruption and governance issues, promotion of inclusive economic development, and robust support for conflict resolution and peacebuilding, accompanied by improved monitoring and evaluation frameworks.

This paper examines the central role of European Union projects in advancing peacebuilding, democratic governance, and human rights in Somalia, in alignment with core EU values of democracy, the rule of law, and human rights. Given Somalia's context of prolonged conflict and institutional fragility, EU interventions employ a multidimensional strategy encompassing security sector reform, electoral assistance, institutional capacity-building, and human rights promotion. These projects aim to enhance social cohesion, empower civil society, and strengthen governance structures to facilitate sustainable peace and development. While acknowledging significant progress, the analysis identifies persistent obstacles, including insecurity, clan dynamics, limited local ownership, and resource constraints, which affect the efficiency and long-term sustainability of EU efforts. The paper posits that EU projects in Somalia exemplify a values-based, integrated approach to linking security, development, and human rights. It underscores the necessity for long- term, adaptive engagement rooted in EU principles to achieve enduring peace, democracy, and respect for human rights in Somalia.

Employee performance and retention remain pivotal determinants of organizational success in an increasingly globalized and culturally diverse business environment. Organizations that fail to address cultural differences in their human resource management (HRM) strategies risk high turnover rates, low engagement, and suboptimal productivity. This study examines the role of culture-aware HRM in improving employee performance and retention at the workplace. Drawing upon organizational culture theories and employee motivation frameworks, the research highlights the strategic integration of cultural sensitivity into HRM practices such as recruitment, orientation, training, performance appraisal, and rewards. A mixed-method approach is proposed, involving surveys and interviews with employees from multicultural organizations, alongside analysis of turnover data and performance metrics. The study anticipates that organizations with culturally aware HRM policies demonstrate higher employee satisfaction, lower attrition, and enhanced productivity. By linking cultural awareness to organizational sustainability, this paper contributes to contemporary discussions on effective HRM practices in diverse workplace environments.

NAFLD is a rapidly expanding global health issue that is distinguished by the accumulation of hepatic fat that is not associated with alcohol consumption. Parallel to the increase in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), its prevalence is also increasing. Amidst a backdrop of limited epidemiological data, Somalia, which is undergoing urbanization and dietary adjustments, is contending with escalating rates of NAFLD. Our study aims to addresses critical voids in local epidemiological data regarding this subject in Somalia. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD and concomitant risk factors among T2DM patients at the Mogadishu Somalia Turkish Training and Research Hospital. A total of 832 patients diagnosed with T2DM between May 2023 and March 2024 were used to analyze the data. Various variables, such as age, sex, diabetic medications, hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, and NAFLD grade, were obtained from electronic medical records. Statistical analyses were conducted to investigate the associations and predictors of NAFLD using descriptive analysis, logistic regression, and multiple regression. The study cohort was predominately female (57%), with a mean age of 53.48 years. The most prevalent grades of NAFLD were grade 1 and grade 2, with NAFLD being identified in 53.8% of patients. NAFLD displayed a robust correlation with insulin resistance (OR: 52.04), with hypertension (OR: 20.091) and hyperlipidemia (OR: 2.528) following shortly thereafter. These factors collectively account for 57% of the variance in NAFLD, as indicated by multiple regression analysis (R2 = 0.57, F (6,823) = 184.302, p < 0.001). This investigation emphasizes the presence of a high prevalence of NAFLD among T2DM patients in Mogadishu, Somalia, 53.8% which is substantially influenced by hypertension, insulin resistance, and hyperlipidemia. In this region, the necessity of targeted healthcare strategies to mitigate metabolic liver diseases is underscored by the results.

Background: In tropical and subtropical areas, malaria is one of the main causes of death and morbidity. Malaria is a major worldwide health concern, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, which includes Somalia, where the majority of cases and deaths from the disease occur. Malaria has a negative impact on both public health and the economic growth of many developing nations. Examining and quantifying the prevalence of malaria among outpatients who have visited hospitals were the study's goal. Study was conducted between September, and November 2023. Methods: A structured questionnaire was administered to 278 were collected patients visit two general hospitals at single time with obtained consented, blood samples were diagnosis used by rapid diagnosis test (RDTs), this study was identified the species of plasmodium used standard keys. Thus, this study design was cross-sectional and quantitative study. The data source was primary information, and was nonrandom sampling. The data generated was analysis using percentage and present in graph forms. Chi- square was used to determine the degree of association between malaria prevalence and factors influencing its transmission, performed by (SPSS 20 version). Results: total of 278 was recruited to conduct the study at outpatient department OPD in two hospitals, Mogadishu, Somalia. Out of 278 persons examined for malaria parasites, 12 (4.3%) were positive. Females were more participated than males 185 (66.5%). The respondents were observed 43.5% use it most of the time sleep under mosquito net. Conclusion: The investigation clearly showed that the persons with malaria infection was minimal. Because the participants aware of the threat posed by mosquitoes in their area, they placed a strong emphasis on vector control measures as reduce the number of mosquito breeding sites. They also understood the significance of indoor residual spray (IRS), which is essential for both mosquito prevention and control.

Anthrax is a Zoonotic Disease (both Human and Animals) the disease is causing higher morbidity and mortality rate in Middle-Shebelle Somalia. Anthrax is a rare infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthraces. It was reported in many parts of the region the disease is endemic that effects production with the pastoralists with an incidence &gt;30% of their livestock production system. In a study to determine the status of anthrax in pastoralists in three selected area of Middle-Shebelle: Jawhar, Qalimow, and Aaden yabaal with Forty two herds were also used. The three selected area of the study were the most livestock populations in Middle-Shebelle. A structured Questionnaire was used to capture pastoralists Knowledge, Attitude and Their Practice with regards of Anthrax Disease. A cross-sectional survey was conducted contemporaneously with focus group discussions (FGDs) and key Informant interviews (KIIs) between May 2020 and April 2021. A Four Hundreds (4OO) of Households were visited via Personal interview. The existence of the disease per herd were estimated that 18.1% of camel herds, 34.3% of cattle herds and 47.6% of small ruminants flocks. Thus the summary of the KAP Results indicated that there was lack of Knowledge and Practice Gap among pastoralists related anthrax Disease. Generally, majority of farmers were practicing poorly in livestock community that was created the distribution of the disease. Therefore, the cattle sheep and goat herds should aware the diseases about the characterization and controlling systems through extending and trading for pastoralists and households. In addition, further assessment and control coverage with anthrax disease will highly option of essentials.