Hubei University for Nationalities

The Schwinger effect, a non-perturbative mechanism for particle production in strong fields, plays a crucial role in understanding quantum vacuum decay and high-energy phenomena, including heavy-ion collisions (HIC). Although holographic quantum chromodynamics (QCD) models have been widely used to study this effect, most treatments assume isotropy or consider only a single type of anisotropy, neglecting the interplay between spatial and magnetic anisotropies that arise in realistic HIC scenarios. A unified framework accounting for both anisotropies is needed to accurately model particle production. We investigate the Schwinger effect in a twice anisotropic holographic QCD model incorporating both spatial and magnetic anisotropies. Using the anti-de Sitter/conformal field theory correspondence, we compute the total potential of a particle-antiparticle pair to quantify how these anisotropies influence pair production. Our results show that the magnetic field (parameterized by and ) enhances the Schwinger effect by lowering and narrowing the potential barrier, while increasing spatial anisotropy (controlled by ) suppresses the process by raising and widening the barrier. These findings demonstrate that magnetic and spatial anisotropies exert competing effects on particle production, emphasizing the necessity of treating both concurrently in holographic models. This work advances the theoretical description of the Schwinger effect in anisotropic environments, with implications for understanding non-equilibrium dynamics in HIC and other strongly coupled systems.

Abstract Despite the promise of hexagonal tungsten bronze (h-WO3) as a proton storage host due to its 3.67 Å tunnels and Grotthuss conduction mechanism, its practical application remains limited by irreversible H+ trapping, structural degradation, and sluggish kinetics. To overcome these limitations, we developed a tunnel cation engineering strategy by precisely pre-embedding Na+, K+, or NH4+ ions into h-WO3 tunnels via controlled use of sulfate precursors (Na2SO4, K2SO4, (NH4)2SO4). Structural characterizations confirmed that Na+ pre-embedding yielded optimal lattice matching (0.3842 nm), minimizing distortion, while K+ and NH4+ induced lattice strain and disorder. Electrochemical tests demonstrated that Na+-embedded h-WO3 achieved excellent cycling stability (99% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 100 C) by mitigating due to framework collapse. Although K⁺/NH₄⁺-doped tungsten bronze nanowires exhibit higher H⁺ storage capacity, their stability degradation caused by structural defects and reduced dimensions makes the Na+-embedded h-WO3 with an ordered crystalline lattice more advantageous in balancing capacity and durability. Ex situ XRD revealed a two-stage proton storage mechanism in Na+-embedded h-WO3: bare H+ insertion (0.3 V to −0.05 V) led to gradual lattice expansion, whereas hydrated H3O+ insertion (−0.05 V to −0.4 V) triggered rapid ab-plane expansion. This study established a “pre-embedded cation-lattice strain-performance” correlation, offering a new paradigm for designing high-stability proton storage materials.

Under the guidance of core competencies, the reform of primary school mathematics teaching urgently needs to go beyond the superficial teaching of knowledge and skills, and construct a new teaching paradigm aimed at promoting students’ conceptual understanding and endogenous literacy. Addressing the long-standing problems in the field of graphics and geometry, such as fragmented knowledge, superficial thinking, and vague literacy goals, this study takes Erickson’s “concept-based” curriculum and teaching theory as the meta-framework, integrates domestic research on big idea teaching, and constructs a three-dimensional collaborative large-unit teaching model of “Knowing—Doing—Understanding” (KUC). Taking the unit “Parallelograms and Trapezoids” in primary school mathematics (People’s Education Press edition) as an empirical carrier, the paper systematically elaborates the complete design path from “extracting subject big ideas” and “establishing conceptual perspectives” to “designing hierarchical guiding questions,” “constructing performance evaluation” and “sequencing iterative learning activities,” and develops an anchoring performance task of “campus transformation designer”. Practice shows that this model can effectively drive students’ thinking to leap from “factual memory” to “concept construction,” providing a theoretical reference and practical model for the transformation of competency-based classrooms.

Heracleum hemsleyanum, a perennial flowering herb belonging to the Apioideae family, is primarily distributed in Southwestern China, including Hubei and Sichuan Provinces (She et al., 2005). Its roots have been traditionally used to treat rheumatism, limb cramps, and vitiligo (Fang et al., 2004). In September 2024, approximately 35% of H. hemsleyanum plants in the plant base of Enshi, Hubei Province (30°32′25.67″N, 109°48′48.46″E), exhibited stunted growth, reduced leaf size, and conspicuous root galls, suggesting severe root-knot nematode infection. Affected roots were collected, dissected, and nematodes were extracted for morphological and molecular identification. The morphological diagnosis of the nematode species was measured as follows. Measurements of adult females (n = 20): body length (L) = 828.15 ± 73.69 μm, body width (BW) = 556.77 ± 36.72 μm, stylet length (ST) = 15.58 ±0.93 μm, dorsal pharyngeal gland orifice to stylet base (DGO) = 4.46 ± 0.38 μm, vulval slit length = 17.98 ± 2.03 μm, and vulval slit to anus distance = 13.25 ± 1.48 μm. Males (n = 10): L = 1,302.68 ± 96.48 μm, BW = 28.56 ± 2.57 μm, ST = 19.86 ± 0.97 μm, DGO = 4.92 ± 0.56 μm, and spicule length = 29.02 ± 1.72 μm. Second-stage juveniles (J2s) (n=20): L = 368.59 ± 17.26 μm, BW = 16.02 ± 1.38 μm, ST = 13.56 ± 0.98 μm, DGO = 2.69 ± 0.54 μm, tail length = 41.85 ± 4.76 μm, hyaline tail terminus = 12.02 ± 2.04 μm. Eggs (n=20): L = 78.68 ± 3.64 μm, and width = 38.94 ± 3.02 μm. All the morphological characteristics of the identified species were consistent with the descriptions of Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood, 1949 (Whitehead, 1968). Species identification was further confirmed by PCR with 28S rDNA D2/D3 region primers MF/MR (5′-GGGGATGTTTGAGGCAGATTTG-3′, 5′-AACCGCTTCGGACTTCCACCAG-3′) (Hu et al., 2011) and the variable V3 and V5 regions of the 18S rDNA primers 18sf1/18sr1 (5´-CGCAAATTACCCACTCTC-3´/5´AGTCAAATTAAGCCGCAG-3´) (Waite et al., 2003). The 478 bp and 750 bp sequences (GenBank accession no. PX022967 and PV931984, respectively) were 99.57% and 100% identical to the PV911583 and PV911573 sequences, respectively. To confirm the pathogenicity of the nematode population, fifteen healthy three-month H. hemsleyanum seedlings cultured in sterilized sand were each inoculated with 2,000 J2s from the egg masses of nematode population. Fifteen non-inoculated seedlings served as negative controls. After three months in a growth chamber maintained at 22°C, galls and egg masses appeared on the roots of inoculated plants consistent with the symptoms observed in the field, whereas the controls showed no symptoms. Females collected from inoculated plants were identified as M. hapla with the species-specific primer MH-F/MH-R (5´-GAATAGTCTCAACGTTTATC-3´/5´-ATGTGACAGCGAAAAGAATT-3´) (Feng et al., 2008), which amplified a fragment of 447 bp (PV931994). To our knowledge, this is the first report of M. hapla infecting H. hemsleyanum. Given its medicinal importance, this finding is critical for developing effective management strategies to prevent further spread.

To study the impact of the psychological and behavioral characteristics of people, fire environment, and evacuation routes on fire evacuation efficiency, this study focuses on a university library as the research subject. A fuzzy logic algorithm is employed to analyze how psychological and behavioral traits influence initial evacuation speed during a fire. Also, fire data simulated using PyroSim software is integrated, with gas temperature, CO concentration, and visibility quantified through empirical formulas to adjust the reduction factor of evacuation speed, examining the effects of fire-generated products on evacuation performance. By incorporating fire environment factors into the heuristic function and refining pheromone update rules through iterative strategies, the ant colony algorithm is enhanced to achieve path planning. Results show that the psychological–environmental-route correction method improves evacuation efficiency by 16.2% compared to traditional methods without correction. This demonstrates that the proposed correction method can improve the efficiency of building fire evacuation and provides theoretical support and technical solutions for future library fire safety management.

Let G be a finite group. Let [Formula: see text] be the number of Sylow p-subgroups of G for some prime p. We prove that if [Formula: see text], then with few exceptions it is a prime power. We also prove that if [Formula: see text] and p is not a Mersenne prime greater than 3, then G is p-solvable if and only if [Formula: see text] is a prime power.