Hun School of Princeton

Accelerated tightening of global carbon-emission regulations and China's commitment to its "dual-carbon" goals are making the transportation sector a very critical domain for decarbonization: peaking carbon emissions around 2030 and achieving carbon neutrality by 2060. This study investigates full-life-cycle carbon emissions of BEVs and ICEVs in China, adopting an LCA approach that considers raw material extraction, manufacturing, vehicle use, maintenance, and end-of-life recycling. The results suggest that although BEVs generate higher emissions during their manufacturing stage, mainly due to battery production, BEVs tend to have generally lower overall life-cycle carbon emissions compared with their counterpart ICEVs under China's current electricity generation mix and battery recycling systems. Sensitivity analyses also show that increased grid decarbonization, better recovery rates of batteries, and extending the life of the vehicles further enhance the relative advantage of BEVs. The findings provide theoretical and empirical support for China's automotive industry in its transition to low-carbon development and should be referred to in policymaking within the decarbonization of the transport sector.

This paper explores the field of AI prompt engineering, specifically understanding Large Language Model (LLM) training in order to optimize response efficacy, emphasizing the critical stages of data collection, preprocessing, and annotation. Our research outlines key principles of effective prompt engineering, including clarity, specificity, conciseness, engagement, and goal orientation. Through various experiments, we demonstrate how specificity in prompts enhances the detail and accuracy of LLM responses. We also examine the impact of techniques like "Chain of Thought" prompting paired with complementary strategies to extract even more productive responses. Finally, we provide a formula for crafting effective prompts and discuss the broader implications of prompt engineering in fields such as education and programming, showcasing its transformative potential. This comprehensive survey serves as a practical guide for navigating the complexities of AI model training and prompt engineering.

This paper examines the interplay of repetition, space, and time in the photography of An-My Lê, focusing primarily on her series Small Wars and 29 Palms. Lê’s work examines the intersection of human violence, memory, and the environment, particularly through the lens of diaspora and trauma. The paper introduces the concept of “deep echology,” a term that describes Lê’s engagement with ecological principles and her illumination of the echoes of past conflicts in contemporary settings. “Deep echology” helps make visible the multiple layers on which Lê works, blending historical realities, staged reenactments, and contemporary military activities to reflect critically on human violence and its ecological impacts. Taken as a whole, Lê’s work raises profound questions about representations of history, memory, and the dichotomy between humanity and nature. Her photography is more than visual documentation. It represents a space of convergence that echoes traumas of the past to inform contemporary ecological and political discourses.

Minimizing waste entering US landfills has become increasingly difficult. Composting organic waste can assist in reducing the effects of landfill pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. To help automate this process, we apply computer vision techniques to train a classifier to distinguish between green and brown compost. The lack of labeled compost data and the challenges and dangers posed by collecting such data create a problem for the automation of composting. In this study, we propose CGBNet, a deep learning framework to differentiate between green and brown compost for the creation of healthy compost piles with an effective ratio of carbon to nitrogen. First, superclass and subclass classification are proposed as two methods of labeling and classifying data. Six deep learning models are then trained and evaluated on a newly formed dataset of 1,960 images using both label structures. Next, transfer learning is applied for feature extraction to boost performance using state-of-the-art deep learning models. The models showed improvements in performance generalization with less overfitting. The best-performing model, CGBNet, used transfer learning and subclass classification to obtain an accuracy of 95%, a 16% improvement in accuracy from the best performing superclass classification model trained without transfer learning. Superclass classification also showed significant improvements in performance and practicality with transfer learning, allowing for robust compost recognition systems to be more extensible while requiring less data and fewer parameters to train.

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of different genres of music (Jazz, Hip-hop, Pop, Classical) on the cognitive abilities, calmness, stress, mood, and energy of adolescents. Utilizing Muse Headband, an EEG Monitoring app, and Sennheiser headphone, volunteers completed a designed experimental protocol and were tested on the aforementioned variables. The study found that all music indicated a trend of improved energy, stress, mood, and calmness. Although some of the results were insignificant, the consistency of the results suggests correlations between (a) calmness and cognitive abilities, (b) stress and calmness, (c) mood and energy level, and (d) calmness and energy level.

Fig trees are keystone resource species in tropical forests. In this study we developed microsatellite loci for Ficus altissima, a common dominant species in tropical China, using an enrichment approach. Nine polymorphic loci were developed, and their characteristics were analyzed in a population. Number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 6. The expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.108–0.740 and 0.111–0.800, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellites can be applied to further studies about genetic diversity and structure of F. altissima populations.

As a case study of patent coverage for a repurposed drug, Biogen Idec's approach for Tecfidera(®), an oral formulation of dimethyl fumarate, was analyzed. While mixtures of fumarates have been used for over 50 years to treat psoriasis, Tecifidera is approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Biogen pursued claims to pharmaceutical formulations and useful doses for treating multiple sclerosis, an approach that is relevant to pharmaceutical lifecycle management in general. A survey of recent US, EP, and PCT patent applications indicate other companies are developing competing fumarate formulations. While it is possible to pursue secondary patents for compounds without composition of matter coverage, regulatory data exclusivity provides additional protection to delay competitors.

Multiple options are available for closure of hysterectomy incisions. This study compared postoperative clinical and economic outcomes using topical skin adhesive (2-octyl cyanoacrylate; OCA) vs. conventional skin closure in women undergoing total abdominal hysterectomy. A multi-hospital administrative database was used to identify women discharged in 2005 who had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy. Patients, classified by skin closure as suture (n = 21,201), staples (n = 23,441), OCA (n = 880), or staples + OCA (n = 489), were compared on length of inpatient stay (LOS), total inpatient cost, and non-prophylactic antibiotic treatment after day four. The unadjusted mean LOS was 3.9, 4.5, 3.7, and 5.2 days for suture, staples, OCA, and staples + OCA, respectively; and the percentages of patients having antibiotic treatment were 12.93, 17.51, 11.14, and 23.72. There were overall differences in adjusted mean LOS, mean total cost, and antibiotic treatment (p < 0.0001). Pairwise comparisons indicated no difference between sutures and OCA, whereas the outcomes for each of the non-staple groups were more favorable than those for the staple group (p < 0.01). Results were similar in adjusted comparisons, with pairwise comparisons between OCA and staples at or near the threshold for significance. 2-octyl cyanoacrylate appears to be a safe and cost-effective alternative to topical sutures for patients having total abdominal hysterectomy. There were less favorable outcomes in groups receiving staples.

In this study, counselor educators responded to a survey about their scholarly productivity over a 3‐year period. Their involvement in 7 scholarly activities is reported by category and by type of institution, tenure status, academic rank, and gender. Using a more comprehensive definition of scholarly productivity, this study documents that counselor educators are involved in a much broader, more diversified spectrum of scholarly activities than prior studies of scholarly productivity have indicated. Implications for tenure and promotion decisions, along with recommendations for training and mentoring of future counselor educators as well as future directions for research, are discussed.

The Modern Language JournalVolume 73, Issue 4 p. 395-403 A Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Approaches to Teaching Foreign Languages CONSTANCE SHAFFER, CONSTANCE SHAFFER The Hun School of PrincetonSearch for more papers by this author CONSTANCE SHAFFER, CONSTANCE SHAFFER The Hun School of PrincetonSearch for more papers by this author First published: Winter 1989 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4781.1989.tb05319.xCitations: 52AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume73, Issue4Winter 1989Pages 395-403 RelatedInformation