Hungarian Central Statistical Office

The aim of our paper is to present and discuss in detail the pathological lesions suggestive of tuberculosis observed in a skeleton (MMG3-75) that was excavated from the 16th-century-CE mass grave No. 3 of the Mohács National Memorial Site (Sátorhely, southwestern Hungary). The differential diagnoses of the observed bony changes, with special attention to the clival alterations, are presented. During the macromorphological, radiological, and digital microscopic examination of MMG3-75, the skull base showed mild cortical erosion and multiple, well-circumscribed osteolytic lesions at the clivus clearly evidenced by 3D imaging. In addition, endocranial granular impressions and abnormal blood vessel impressions were observed in multiple locations on the inner skull surface. Based on the differential diagnosis of the clival changes and their co-occurrence with endocranial alterations indicative of tuberculous meningitis (granular impressions and abnormal blood vessel impressions), they were most likely due to tuberculous involvement of the skull base. Additional aDNA analysis provided no evidence for the presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in MMG3-75. To the best of our knowledge, MMG3-75 is the first reported archaeological case of tuberculous clival osteomyelitis with associated meningitis, giving us a unique insight into the occurrence of an extremely rare manifestation of tuberculosis in mediaeval Hungary.

In this presentation we focus on key aspects that have affected wetland fish species in the past and affect them presently, as well as new challenges they are likely to face in the future. Numerous factors have influenced the fish fauna of the Carpathian Basin over the centuries. The first major changes were caused by river regulation, which began in the early 18th century. This was followed by the introduction of non-native species through both illegal and legal stocking and their natural spread. Finally, increasingly rapid climate change has begun to cause ever greater problems. Due to the combined effects of these three processes, muddy water fish populations are now on the edge of extinction. Here, we demonstrate how current maintenance practices are destroying the remaining populations of weatherfish ( Misgurnus fossilis ) in the lowland stream and channel network systems. Additionally, the co-occurrence of invasive marbled crayfish ( Procambarus virginalis ) and several invasive fish species (e.g. Chinese sleeper Perccottus glenii , Jaguar guapote Parachromis managuensis , Eastern mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki ) has affected the population of the European mudminnow ( Umbra krameri ) in the western drainage region of Lake Balaton. We emphasise the challenge posed by non-native species, which will require sustained management in the future, as well as changes in water management practices and angling stocking programs. Education programmes targeting all age groups, from children to adults, are also required. All of these measures are urgently needed to ensure the preservation of muddy-water fish species in Hungarian waters.

Hungary is among the countries with the highest cancer mortality burden in Europe, consequently there is a crucial need to monitor changes in death rates in the population using appropriate surveillance tools. The Lexis diagram provides a means to depict age, period and cohort influences on long-term cancer mortality trends. Age-specific mortality rates for six cancer localizations were constructed based on the Deaths Register of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office and the Human Mortality Database, then smoothed (p-splines) within the cells of the Lexis diagram assuming Poisson distribution. After calculating the annual percentage change in mortality rates, the results were visualized using heat maps. Substantial reduction in mortality was observable from the mid-1990s in both sexes as a strong period effect, depicting two distinct epidemiological eras in Hungary. Since 2010, breast cancer mortality in women among ages 70-90 (those born between 1930 and 1950) has been rising. Women born between 1940 and 50 experienced two plateaus in lung cancer mortality, unlike men, emphasizing the delayed nature of the smoking epidemic. The results align with cancer transition patterns observed in similarly developed countries and emphasize a critical need to expand the implementation of effective primary and secondary prevention measures. This includes sustaining organized screening and anti-smoking programs, as well as introducing lung cancer screening with low-dose CT.

Abstract Oscillating neural networks are promising candidates for a new computational paradigm, where complex optimization problems are solved by physics itself through the synchronization of coupled oscillating circuits. VO 2 Mott memristors are particularly promising building blocks for such oscillating neural networks. Until now, however, not only the maximum frequency of VO 2 oscillating neural networks, but also the maximum frequency of individual VO 2 oscillators is severely limited, which has restricted their efficient and energy‐saving use. In this study, it is showed how to increase the oscillating frequency by more than an order of magnitude into the 100 MHz range utilizing ultrasmall, ≈30 nm wide active volume VO 2 devices and optimizing the circuit layout for high frequency operation. In addition, the physical limiting factors of the oscillation frequencies are studied by investigating the complex switching dynamics of our nanoscale VO 2 devices. These dynamical studies, together with simulations, provide a clear conclusion on the maximum achievable operating frequencies and the optimal operating parameters under which these can be reached.

Levoglucosan and its isomers, mannosan and galactosan, are widely used atmospheric tracers of biomass combustion, and levoglucosan has been previously proposed as a potential biomarker of wood smoke exposure. This study evaluated their applicability under real-world conditions. During 14-day monitoring campaigns in both heating and non-heating seasons, daily PM2.5 and paired urine samples were collected from adults and children in two Hungarian settlements with different heating practices. Monosaccharide anhydrides in PM2.5 and urine were quantified by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, while demographic, dietary, and lifestyle data were obtained via questionnaires. Ambient concentrations were substantially higher during the heating season and at the rural site, confirming the significant contribution of residential wood burning to air pollution. While urinary levoglucosan was quantifiable in >90% of samples, its isomers were often below the limit of quantification. Urinary levoglucosan concentrations did not exhibit consistent seasonal or spatial patterns and were not associated with ambient levels. Instead, an unexplained background more likely influenced by certain demographic, dietary, and behavioral factors than by environmental exposure appeared to drive urinary levels. These findings suggest that urinary levoglucosan is not a suitable biomarker for assessing residential wood smoke exposure, with similar conclusions drawn for mannosan and galactosan.

Our previous research has demonstrated that the spinal cord undergoes epigenetic and molecular alterations following non-severe burn injury (BI). However, the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), crucial for pain perception, remains unexplored in this context. Here, we investigated transcriptomic alterations in the S1 cortex of mice subjected to BI or formalin application (FA) to the hind paw, utilizing RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) one hour after injury. RNA-seq identified 1116 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BI and 136 DEGs in formalin-induced inflammatory pain. Notably, 82.4% of DEGs in BI and 32.4% in FA were downregulated. A total of 42 upregulated and 17 downregulated overlapping DEGs were identified, indicating significant differences in the cortical processing of pain based on its origins. Gene Ontology analysis reveals that BI upregulated mitochondrial functions and ribosome synthesis, whereas axon guidance, synaptic plasticity, and neurotransmission-related processes were downregulated. By contrast, formalin treatment mainly impacted metabolic processes. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis highlights the significance of retrograde endocannabinoid signaling (REC) in the response to burn injury. These findings demonstrate that transcriptomic remodeling in the S1 cortex is dependent on the sensory modality and suggest that the REC network is activated during acute pain responses following BI.

Article Point of care testing for high-sensitive troponin measurement: experience from a tertiary care hospital clinical laboratory was published on December 1, 2024 in the journal Advances in Laboratory Medicine / Avances en Medicina de Laboratorio (volume 5, issue 4).

Abstract Hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) is an economically significant tree species, serving as a valuable resource for timber and ornamental wood products. It plays a crucial ecological role within forest communities and exhibits wide distribution across Central Europe. During October 2022 and March 2023, we encountered instances of declining hornbeam trees in Hungary and Slovakia. In both cases, characteristic symptoms associated with Cryphonectria canker were observed. Subsequent morphological and molecular‐genetic analyses of fungal samples and isolates confirmed their identification as the recently described species Cryphonectria carpinicola. This study represents the first documented report of this pathogen in Hungary and Slovakia, contributing to our understanding of its presence and impact in Central Europe.

Az alábbi feltételek érvényesek minden, a Központi Statisztikai Hivatal (a továbbiakban: KSH) Területi Statisztika c. folyóiratában (a továbbiakban: Folyóirat) megjelenő tanulmányra. Felhasználó a tanulmány, vagy annak részei felhasználásával egyidejűleg tudomásul veszi a jelen dokumentumban foglalt felhasználási feltételeket, és azokat magára nézve kötelezőnek fogadja el. Tudomásul veszi, hogy a jelen feltételek megszegéséből eredő valamennyi kárért felelősséggel tartozik. 1) A jogszabályi tartalom kivételével a tanulmányok a szerzői jogról szóló 1999. évi LXXVI. törvény (Szjt.) szerint szerzői műnek minősülnek. A szerzői jog jogosultja a KSH. 2) A KSH földrajzi és időbeli korlátozás nélküli, nem kizárólagos, nem átadható, térítésmentes felhasználási jogot biztosít a Felhasználó részére a tanulmány vonatkozásában. 3) A felhasználási jog keretében a Felhasználó jogosult a tanulmány: a) oktatási és kutatási célú felhasználására (nyilvánosságra hozatalára és továbbítására a 4. pontban foglalt kivétellel) a Folyóirat és a szerző(k) feltüntetésével; b) tartalmáról összefoglaló készítésére az írott és az elektronikus médiában a Folyóirat és a szerző(k) feltüntetésével; c) részletének idézésére -az átvevő mű jellege és célja által indokolt terjedelemben és az eredetihez híven -a forrás, valamint az ott megjelölt szerző(k) megnevezésével. 4) A Felhasználó nem jogosult a tanulmány továbbértékesítésére, haszonszerzési célú felhasználására. Ez a korlátozás nem érinti a tanulmány felhasználásával előállított, de az Szjt. szerint önálló szerzői műnek minősülő mű ilyen célú felhasználását. 5) A tanulmány átdolgozása, újra publikálása tilos. 6) A 3. a)-c.) pontban foglaltak alapján a Folyóiratot és a szerző(ke)t az alábbiak szerint kell feltüntetni: "Forrás: Területi Statisztika c. folyóirat 64. évfolyam 2. számában megjelent, Tóth Géza-Nagy Zoltán által írt, Eltérő vagy azonos fejlődési pályák? A hazai nagyvárosok és vonzáskörzeteik 2001 és 2021 közötti változása c. tanulmány" 7) A Folyóiratban megjelenő tanulmányok kutatói véleményeket tükröznek, amelyek nem esnek szükségképpen egybe a KSH, vagy a szerzők által képviselt intézmények hivatalos álláspontjával.