Hunt Institute

Introduction: The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends the use of end-tidal CO 2 (ETCO 2 ) to evaluate the quality of chest compression delivery during CPR. In a pediatric model of asphyxial cardiac arrest, ETCO 2 -guided chest compression delivery improved survival over standard CPR. Since the most common cause of pediatric cardiac arrest is respiratory failure, we investigated whether this observed survival benefit persisted in a model of respiratory failure preceding cardiac arrest. Methods: Prior to a 17-min asphyxial cardiac arrest, peak inspiratory pressures were adjusted to a goal PaCO 2 of 80 torr to mimic pre-arrest respiratory failure. Male swine (3-4 kg) were randomized to receive either ETCO 2 -guided or standard CPR for 10 min of BLS followed by 10 min of ALS. In the ETCO 2 -guided group, chest compression rate and depth were adjusted to obtain a maximal ETCO 2 level. In the standard group, chest compressions were delivered per AHA guidelines. Hemodynamic parameters were recorded every 30 seconds, and resuscitation was continued for 20 min or until ROSC. Results: Twenty swine underwent asphyxial cardiac arrest. After adjustment of ventilation prior to asphyxia, pH and PaCO 2 were 7.15 and 79 torr in the ETCO 2 -guided group and 7.14 and 78 torr in the standard group. Survival was greater in the ETCO 2 -guided group than in the standard group (7/10 versus 1/10; p=0.02). During resuscitation, mean ETCO 2 and chest compression rate were higher in the ETCO 2 -guided group (38.6 ± 1.2 versus 22.9 ± 1.2, p=0.01; 154.4 ± 1.2 versus 100.5 ± 0.1, p<0.001, respectively). During resuscitation, diastolic blood pressure, myocardial perfusion pressure, systemic perfusion pressure, and cerebral perfusion pressure were higher in the ETCO 2 -guided group ( Figure 1 ) Conclusions: ETCO 2 -guided chest compression delivery improves survival and resuscitation hemodynamics over standard CPR in a pediatric model of respiratory failure and cardiac arrest.

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Where to look! •IEEE Code of Ethics: –http://www.ieee.org/about/corporate/governance/p7-8.html –Located in their Corporate Governance Policies in Section 7.8

Kafkasya, dünyanın üç kıtadan oluştuğu düşünülen zamanlarda Asya ve Avrupa’nın geçiş yeri konumundaydı. Karadeniz’in kuzeyindeki düzlükler iki kıtayı birleştiren ara bölge gibiydi. Günümüzde dünyanın çok daha geniş bir yer olduğu öğrenilmesine rağmen bölgenin iki kıta arasındaki geçiş yeri olma konumu hâlâ devam etmektedir. Bu özelliği yüzünden tarihin ilk zamanlarından itibaren Kafkasya’da pek çok farklı topluluk görmek mümkündür. Hint-Avrupaî, İranî ve Turanî kökenli halklar bu bölgede çok eski dönemlerden itibaren bir arada bulunabilmiştir. Kafkasya’nın çok uluslu yapısı günümüzde de varlığını korumaktadır. Kafkasya XIX. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren büyük güçlerin hâkimiyet mücadelesine sahne olmuştur. Bu rekabetin bir sonucu olarak bölgenin tarihi ve kültürünü sahiplenme eğilimi ortaya çıkmıştır. Avrupa’da yapılan çeviri faaliyetlerinde yöre kaynakları yabancı dillere aktarılırken tenkide tâbi tutulmadığından Orta Çağ tarihçilerinin dinî ve millî hislerin etkisiyle kaleme aldığı eserlerdeki iddialar günümüze taşınmıştır. Siyasi rekabetin tesiriyle günümüzde yazılan pek çok eserde Gürcü, Ermeni veya Türklerin bölgenin kadim halkı olduğu, uygarlık temelini attığı ileri sürülmüştür. Haliyle birbirinden çok farklı görüşler kaleme alınmıştır. Bu ideolojik ve kültürel zeminde Kafkasya’daki Türk varlığının ne zaman başladığı meselesiyle ilgili olarak da pek çok görüş ileri sürülmüştür. Türkistan ve Türklükle bağlantıları konusunda son yıllarda ele geçen bilgi ve belgeleri görmezden gelen belirli çevreler bu varsayıma soğuk baksa da Kimmer ve İskitler, Kafkasya’da Türklüğün öncüleri olarak kabul edilmelidir. Onlardan önce bölgede Türk bulunduğuna dair iddiaların temeli bugün için zayıftır. Kıpçaklar bu topluluklardan sonra Kafkasya’ya gelen ikinci bir grup olarak kayıtlara geçmiştir. Hunlardan itibaren ise Kafkasya’daki Türk varlığını kesintisiz olarak takip etmek mümkündür.

The premise of this study was to take a valid population sampling of handwriting and handprinting and assess how many times each of the predetermined characteristic is found in the samples. Approximately 1500 handwriting specimens were collected from across the United States and pared to obtain a representative sample of the U.S. adult population according to selected demographics based on age, sex, ethnicity, handedness, education level, and location of lower-grade school education. This study has been able to support a quantitative assessment of extrinsic and intrinsic effects in handwriting and handprinting for the six subgroups. Additional results include analyses of the interdependence of characteristics. This study found that 98.55% of handprinted characteristics and 97.39% of cursive characteristics had an independence correlation of under 0.2. The conclusions support use of the product rule in general, but with noted caveats. Finally, this study provides frequency occurrence proportions for 776 handwriting and handprinting characteristics.

We report a very rare complication of nasal surgery: dislocation of the inferior turbinates into the nasopharynx, presenting as sleep apnoea and persistent nasal obstruction. A 56-year-old woman presented with a history of obstructive sleep apnoea for one year and nasal obstruction for seven years. She had undergone nasal surgery one year previously. Non-contrast computed tomography of the nose and paranasal sinuses showed a mass near the posterior choana on both sides, confirmed by nasal endoscopy. The displaced turbinates were removed, after resecting their attachment at the posterior choanae, and the patient's symptoms were relieved. This is a very rare complication of nasal surgery; to the best of our knowledge, we report only the second published case in the English language literature. We suggest that such cases be closely followed up post-operatively.

Solomon Desta, Getachew Gebru, Seyoum Tezera, D. Layne Coppock, Utah State University Pastoral Risk Management ProjectThe Boran of southern Ethiopia have been traditionally viewed as unwilling or unable to engage in large scale, commercialized livestock trade. Here we report on the creation of a new livestock marketing chain from the Borana Plateau to export outlets largely serving the Gulf States. Since 2003 various meetings and exchange tours were organized by collaborating agencies and PARIMA to directly link pastoral producers with livestock exporters and policy makers. This occurred against a backdrop of growing export demand for small ruminants, rapid development of private export industry, formation of well-trained pastoral marketing groups (often dominated by women), and provision of external funds to initially capitalize on trading. We document that a positive market response has occurred. Eleven pastoral marketing groups sold 25,640 head of goats and sheep to export firms during 2004-5, just part of a much larger surge throughout the region. The pastoral groups have been moderately profitable and income-generation opportunities have been created, although marketing involvement has proven to be very risky in some situations. The groups procured animals from a 57,000-km