Hydrogen Education Foundation

Abstract International comparisons of many kinds are hindered by the lack of data that are consistent between countries. This has been the case particularly with comparisons of managerial remuneration and, along with the lack of consistent data, there has been no satisfactory theory of differentials in managerial remuneration either in absolute terms for example, as between a given‐status manager in, say, Canada and the UK – or in relative terms ‐ for example, the differential between two managers of different status in each country. This article uses some recently published, and expensively gathered, data on managerial remuneration in five countries with the purpose of extending the usage of the data, which were published more or less merely as information, and introducing some tentative steps towards a better understanding of absolute and relative differences in managerial salaries.

and fluids. All recoveries varied from 90 to 110 percent with relative standard deviations of less than 13 percent.

Women, the largest group of “minority” workers, are actively seeking to reduce inequities in opportunities for career development. Counselors and clinicians, who as a group have been found to hold sex‐role stereotypes, probably restrict the career opportunities of women. Vocational counselors of women need to consider key questions such as the number of children women would like to have. Researchers, in studying the job performance of highly educated women, need to investigate the amount of financial, clerical, and student assistance received by men and women scholars. Such research might in part explain sex differences in research productivity.

The purpose of this study was to determine if sex differences were observable in I-year-olds in response to their mother and in choice and style of play with toys.Thirty-two boys and thirty-two girls were put in separate rooms with several toys, several nontoys (door knobs, taped sockets, etc.) and their mothers.The infant's mother was to observe the child in play and respond as she desired.Observation was conducted from another room.Earlier in the study, the mother's touching behavior of the 6-month-old infant was observed.The results showed that at 1 year, boys were more independent of their mothers than were the girls, who touched their mothers and vocalized more frequently.Boys demonstrated more exploratory play and banging of toys than the sedate and quiet playing girls.It was shown that the boys' dependence was directly proportionate to the amount of touching at 6 month's old given by the mother.For girls, a curvilinear scale resulted.Girls who were touched moderately were more independent than those touched greatly or very little.It was concluded that the child's independence was influenced by the mother's behavior toward the child at an earlier age.From the results of toy play behavior, it was concluded that parents reinforced sex role behavior in the 1-year-old and later the child internalized such roles.(JS)