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Primary dysmenorrhea is known as cramping pain occurring before or during a period in the absence of pelvic pathology. Exercise, and specifically running, is one of the most effective and well-known methods to relieve primary dysmenorrhea, but how different intensities affect period pain remains unknown. Which is why this paper studied the effects long-distance running and high intensity running had on period pain in adolescents living in Texas. In this paper, a survey was sent to a high school and a middle school to collect data on adolescents aged 14 to 17 who have some level of period pain and have had their period for at least two years with no diagnosed abnormal menstrual conditions. In the end, long-distance running was found to provide more relief on average; however, high-intensity running was found to provide relief for a few people, sometimes to a higher degree than long-distance running. This finding indicates that further research on different exercise intensities is needed to help people get the most relief for primary dysmenorrhea using exercise.

Abstract OnabotulinumtoxinA (ONA), trademarked under the brand name Botox, is a widely studied botulinum neurotoxin currently used for diverse cosmetic and noncosmetic therapeutic treatments. ONA was the first in a growing market of injectable neuromodulators to be studied for medical use. First introduced to the cosmetic marketplace in 2002 by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for clinical indication of wrinkle correction for glabellar frown lines, ONA has proven to be an invaluable tool in the armamentarium of aesthetic medicine. The most commonly approved dermatologic uses of ONA include facial rhytidosis and hyperhidrosis with ongoing phase 2B studies for masseter hypertrophy. Nondermatologic applications include temporomandibular disorders, strabismus, cervical dystonia, blepharospasm, spasticity, migraines, overactive bladder, and incontinence. Off‐label uses of ONA are well studied in skin disorders, such as rosacea, and other indications, such as Frey's syndrome, and depression. Further, multiple studies have illustrated an improvement in quality of life and self‐esteem with ONA treatment. The favorable side effect profile with minimal adverse effects reinforces that ONA is a safe and effective treatment option with a diverse portfolio of clinically accepted applications.

Instructors of introductory college physics courses are in a unique position to explain the physics of skateboarding and its associated risks. A field trip to a skate park to explore the law of conservation of energy and measure the impact forces can enhance student analytical thinking skills and their appreciation of physics in everyday life. Through the measurement of the impact forces and student discussions of their own skateboarding experiences, students are better prepared to protect themselves from skateboarding-related physical injuries.

Mexico is the Mesoamerican country with the highest number of Castniidae species (12), most of which are found in the dry regions of the country. Among these, Athis hechtiae (Dyar, 1910) was considered a species widely distributed in Mexico after Athis miastagma (Dyar, 1925) was synonymized with A. hechtiae over two decades ago. A genetic and morphological study, as well as details of the natural history of various populations of these two taxa have led us to restore Athis miastagma as a valid species (stat. rest.), increasing the number of castniids recorded in Mexico to 13.

shows that genuine advertising works are what is known in the sector as "creative proposal", "advertising concept", "creativity", and their common essence, namely the "advertising ideas" that shape the advertising message and the thematic and formal resources used to express it with sufficient individuality to be recognized in concrete advertising materials having a different external form

This chapter presents how the results of an empirical research study conducted with in-service teachers can be used to enhance and strengthen the critical thinking skills of pre-service teachers. The chapter begins with a description of the study methodology and the task redesign process. Data is presented (often in the words of teachers themselves) that paint a compelling picture of the process in real-time. Limitations and potential drawbacks of its use are discussed along with possible design ideas that may better align the process with the specific needs of pre-service teachers and their professors. It is followed by a summary of how the task redesign process could be redesigned to be used more effectively with pre-service teachers as a way to increase critical thinking about the teaching of mathematics. Potential benefits, including an increased capacity for critical thinking, are offered along with additional research directions and an invitation for suggestions into improving the task redesign process.

Understanding the consequences of environmental fluctuations for parasite dynamics requires a long-term view stretching over many transmission cycles. Here we studied the dynamics of three malaria parasites (Plasmodium azurophilum, P. leucocytica and P. floridense) infecting the lizard Anolis gundlachi, in the rainforest of Puerto Rico. In this malaria-anole system we evaluated temporal fluctuations in individual probability of infection, the environmental drivers of observed variation and consequences for host body condition and Plasmodium parasites assemblage. We conducted a total of 15 surveys including 10 from 1990 to 2002 and five from 2015 to 2017. During the early years, a lizard's probability of infection by all Plasmodium species appeared stable despite disturbances ranging from two hurricanes to short droughts. Over a longer timescale, probability of infection and overall prevalence varied significantly, following non-linear relationships with temperature and rainfall such that highest prevalence is expected at intermediate climate measures. A perplexing result was that host body condition was maximized at intermediate levels of rainfall and/or temperature (when risk of infection was highest), yet we found no significant decreases in body condition due to infection. Plasmodium parasite species composition varied through time with a reduction and near local extinction of P. floridense. Our results emphasize the need for long-term studies to reveal host-parasite dynamics, their drivers and consequences.

Here, we report a study of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging at Earth’s field. In this study, we performed magnetic relaxation measurements of protons in water in the presence of the lanthanide ions Gd3+ and Ho3+ using the nuclear magnetic resonance technique. The results suggest that Gd3+ is a more effective T1 and T2 relaxation agent than Ho3+ and is therefore a better contrast agent. We then confirmed the relaxation phenomenon by performing a T1-weighted-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of samples containing water doped with Gd3+ at the Earth’s magnetic field. The T1-weighted imaging experimental result indicates that the intensity is the highest for the sample doped with the highest concentration of Gd3+ and lowest for the undoped sample. This work shows the feasibility of performing contrast-enhanced MRI in Earth’s magnetic field using relaxation agents such as lanthanide ions. In addition, this work also demonstrates that, although the Earth’s field MRI does not provide the strength and capability of a clinical MRI, it is still useful as a powerful demonstration tool, especially considering its low operating costs and portability.

Insect natural enemies can develop resistance to insecticides in the field like their host insects. Recently, a high level of resistance to several groups of insecticides from Pakistan has been shown in Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Here, we were interested to determine the impact of insecticides resistance on fitness of various populations of C. carnea collected over three consecutive years (2005-2007) from different areas of Pakistan. The populations were examined for intrinsic rate of population increase, growth index, fertility, eggs viability, survival to adult hood and doubling time. The results of the study showed significantly higher intrinsic rate of population increase in insecticides resistant population compared with laboratory susceptible population Lab-PK. Similarly, the resistant population laid more numbers of eggs, which were significantly more viable than susceptible population. The survival to adulthood and doubling time were greater in field populations than the susceptible. The most intriguing finding was that the predation potential of all resistant populations was significantly great compared with Lab-PK. The data point to the fact that resistance to insecticides had positive impact on C. carnea, which could be used in integrated pest management system. The potential for introducing these natural enemies into cropping systems where they have not developed resistance could be a useful tactic for management of various insect pests.