ISCO International (United States)

Increased leukemia incidence or mortality is a well-known effect of acute radiation exposure. Less is known about the risks associated with protracted exposure, such as those arising in occupational exposure settings. We used excess relative risk models to investigate the strength of evidence for and the shape of the dose response for mortality from leukemia (excluding chronic lymphocytic leukemia, CLL) in the Russian Mayak Worker Cohort. The cohort includes 25,757 workers followed for cancer mortality from 1948 to 2015 who were subject to both external low-dose-rate gamma ray and internal exposures (from alpha particles emitted by inhaled plutonium). The red bone marrow external dose estimates were based on individual readings from film badges or TLD dosimeters. The mean external marrow dose was 584 mGy for workers hired before 1959 and 105 mGy for those hired between 1959 and 1982. Internal exposures were described using red bone marrow alpha-particle dose for workers who were subject to plutonium monitoring and potential plutonium exposure categories for unmonitored workers. The mean marrow dose from internal exposure for monitored workers was 2.1 mGy for those hired before 1959 and 0.16 mGy for those hired between 1959 and 1982. Radiation effects were described using both excess relative rate (ERR) and excess absolute rate (EAR) models. The excess relative rates for the 96 deaths from non-CLL leukemia were described using a time-since-exposure-dependent quadratic response in cumulative external low LET dose with effect modification by attained age. While the largest ERRs [2.45 at 1 Gy, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.33 to 11.9] were associated with external doses received between 2 and 5 years before death, there was also a significant increase in rates for doses received 5 or more years before death (ERR 0.28 at 1 Gy, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.72) and an indication of increased rates associated with doses within two years of death (ERR 1.47 at 1 Gy, 95% CI 0.06 to 10.6). Uncertainties in these excess relative rate estimates from the primary models were adjusted for dose uncertainty. Excess absolute rate (EAR) models were also used to describe the leukemia death rates. The pattern of the EAR variation with time-since-exposure was like that for the ERR Doses received 2 to 4 years before death had the largest EAR (ERR 4.78 per 10,000 person years per Gy2, 94% CI 1.75 to 10.7) with increased rates for doses received within two years of death (3.66, 95% CI 9.26 to 11.2), and for doses received 5 or more years before death (0.34, 95% CI 0.11 to 0.7). However, while the ERR decreased with increasing attained age, there was no indication of an attained age dependence in the EAR. The external-exposure radiation-associated leukemia risk appeared to be largely from acute myeloid leukemia. There was no evidence of external exposure effects on the risks of death from chronic lymphocytic leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma. There was no evidence of internal exposure effects on the rates of leukemia or other lymphohematopoietic malignancies. These analyses extend earlier studies of leukemia mortality in the Mayak worker cohort, with additional years of follow-up, utilize the latest bone marrow dose estimates, and include an assessment of the effect of shared dose uncertainty on risk uncertainty. Our results show significant excess risk for non-CLL leukemia mortality with a complex interaction between attained age, time since exposure, and age at exposure. The highest risk per unit dose was associated with exposures received 2-5 years before the time at risk. In addition, for a given total cumulative dose, the risk decreases rapidly with increasing attained age. We discuss the differences between the patterns of risk related to acute exposures in the Life Span Study of survivors of the atomic bombings in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and chronic exposure in the Mayak Worker Cohort as well as differences between risk estimates in our study and others involving prolonged low-dose external gamma ray exposure.

Bandara Yogyakarta International Airport memiliki kebutuhan daya tinggi, disuplai dari GI Wates dengan kapasitas 2×8,66 MVA dan lima genset masing-masing 2,5 MVA. Karena fluktuasi jadwal penerbangan, semua genset beroperasi bersamaan, menyebabkan konsumsi bahan bakar tidak efisien. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengoptimalkan pola operasi genset menggunakan metode Lagrange berdasarkan tren historis konsumsi energi dan bahan bakar. Hasilnya menunjukkan hanya genset 1 yang optimal (83,26%) saat kondisi normal. Saat terjadi gangguan pada salah satu genset, beban dialihkan ke genset lain dengan output lebih rendah untuk menjaga efisiensi dan keandalan. Pola ini meningkatkan efisiensi, mengurangi konsumsi bahan bakar, serta memperpanjang usia pakai mesin. Optimalisasi ini mendukung pengoperasian bandara yang lebih hemat energi dan andal. Kata kunci : Optimalisasi, metode Lagrange, pengoperasian

Inefficient curb space allocation increases congestion and emissions at airports. Variable message signs (VMS) can alleviate this issue, guiding vehicles from congested to underutilized curbs. However, VMS effectiveness hinges on the right activation and deactivation timing. Using a microsimulation model of the Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, we analyzed the impacts of implementing VMS and determined the best time to turn the sign on and off. We simulated sixteen VMS management scenarios and compared the results against those of a baseline where there was no VMS. We found that strategic and timely management of the VMS is crucial to achieving improvements in congestion and curb performance. Specifically, activating VMS before congestion started on the sending link and deactivating it before congestion began on the receiving link substantially improved curb productivity and accessibility, vehicle delay, and CO 2 emissions. On the other hand, if not managed correctly, VMS may lead to little to no improvements, or even negative impacts on traffic conditions and curb performance. For instance, late activation or deactivation can worsen curb accessibility and vehicle delay. Our framework provides valuable insights into how airports could successfully manage VMS technologies.

The term virtual power plant (VPP) has been used pervasively and rather loosely to characterize the aggregation of distributed energy resources (DERs), and typically, small-scale energy resources that are jointly managed and offered into the various markets in electricity systems.

The Life Span Study of Japanese atomic bomb survivors estimated greater risks of radiation-associated lung cancer among females than males, with direct implications for occupational radiation safety policy. To evaluate replicability of these findings in radiation workers, we assessed sex-specific radiation-associated risks of lung cancer mortality in a large cohort of US radiological technologists. Using data from 4 questionnaires (1983-2013), we reconstructed lifetime smoking history for 83 715 female and 26 650 male technologists. We estimated individual lung occupational radiation doses using badge dose and questionnaire data. We used Poisson regression to investigate joint radiation-smoking effects on sex-averaged and sex-specific lung cancer mortality risk. For 1243 female and 607 male technologists who died from lung cancer, median cumulative lung dose was 16.2 mGy (non-cases: 7.7 mGy) and 24.5 mGy (non-cases: 10.1 mGy), respectively. Excess risk of lung cancer increased with increasing radiation dose. However, smoking modified this effect: the radiation effect at 100 mGy increased until 16 cigarettes/day, after which it declined. Excess relative risk (ERR) per 100 mGy was greater among males (never smoking additive ERR = 1.98; 95% CI = 0.34 to 6.25) than females (never smoking additive ERR = 0.40; 95% CI = -0.02 to 1.21); sex differences persisted up to ∼40 cigarettes/day. Our results indicated radiation-associated risks of lung cancer mortality were stronger in males than females, in contrast to the Life Span Study. However, both studies found radiation-associated risks were highest in workers with light-to-moderate smoking intensity. Altogether, these findings reinforce the importance of rigorous radiation protection measures for all radiation workers, regardless of sex, alongside interventions to support smoking cessation.

This study examines the combined impact of technological advancements, omnichannel integration, sustainability initiatives, and employee engagement on customer experience and loyalty, with a particular focus on cross-cultural variations. Using data from diverse retail environments, a quantitative analysis explores the interplay of these factors, incorporating cross-cultural perspectives to identify differences in customer responses. The findings highlight the crucial role of technology, omnichannel strategies, sustainable practices, and workforce engagement in enhancing customer experience, which in turn strengthens customer loyalty. Cultural differences moderate these relationships, providing valuable insights for tailoring retail strategies to different demographic segments. The study underscores the need for an integrated, culturally adaptive approach to optimizing customer satisfaction and loyalty by emphasizing the synergistic effects of key retail dynamics. These insights enable retailers to design targeted, culturally responsive strategies that enhance customer experience and foster long-term loyalty. Additionally, the findings provide a foundation for future research on customer-centric retail innovations, reinforcing the importance of a holistic, adaptive framework in an evolving retail landscape.