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Zinc sulfide thin films were synthesized using the chemical bath deposition method with deposition durations ranging from 1 to 7 hours to examine the influence of deposition time and post-deposition annealing (60 °C to 100 °C) on their structural, optical, and electrical properties. X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of the cubic zinc blende phase, with enhanced crystallinity and increased grain size at longer deposition times. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy revealed a tunable optical bandgap between ~3.5 and 3.8 eV, depending on deposition duration. Surface morphology and elemental composition were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis results indicated that the 3-hour annealed film had a near-stoichiometric Zn:S ratio (41.1% Zn and 58.9% S), while the 1-hour annealed film exhibited a high oxygen content (70.31%) due to oxidation. Films annealed for 5 and 7 hours showed sulfur loss, resulting in zinc-rich compositions. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed improved Zn–S bonding over time, with sharper vibrational peaks in the 600–700 cm⁻¹ range and a marked reduction in organic and hydroxyl impurities. Among all samples, the 5-hour film showed the most favorable combination of crystallinity, purity, and low contamination, indicating its potential for optoelectronic applications. Electrical properties, evaluated using the two-probe method, demonstrated thermally activated conductivity in the 1-hour film annealed at 100°C, with an activation energy of 0.2857 eV, suggesting semiconducting behavior and applicability in thermoelectric and biosensing devices. However, electrical measurements for films deposited for 3, 5, and 7 hours were unfeasible due to extremely high resistivity and limited charge transport.

Green Chemistry is an eco-friendly approach to synthesize products which are less dangerous to human being and helpful in achieving sustainability. It aims to reduce threat by minimizing waste and increases the possibility of creation of desired biodegradable products and eliminates the conformation of harmful by-products. Green chemistry offers a visionary approach to safer and sustainable development by using a smaller number of resources and energy for upcoming generations. Twelve principles of Green Chemistry are helpful in keeping us far down from the chemical disasters, physical hazards and global danger with minimum negative environmental impact . By using alternative feedstock, innocuous reagents and benign solvents, by employing natural process and by developing alternate reaction conditions and by selecting separation process which involve dematerialization . Green chemistry provides an attractive environment for chemist and researchers for chemical reactions. This paper gives an overview of the principle, applications and current innovative advancements and operations of green chemistry in everyday life and helpful in achieving sustainability goals like zero waste, zero toxic substance and profitable economy.

In response to increasing environmental challenges, organisations are quickly integrating stability into internal systems. The study examines Green Human Resource Management (GHRM)'s strategic role in increasing staff commitment and promoting organisational stability. Based on social exchange theory and ecological behavioural models, it evaluates the effect of green HR practices, such as environmentally focused training, green evaluation and participation initiatives, on the initiative approach and behaviour. By using a semi-practical design in two Indian IT companies, findings suggest that GHRM promotes an opinion of environmental awareness, commitment and environmental responsibility. This research advocates establishing HR as a catalyst for sustainable culture and ecological changes.

Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal is a “Near-Threatened” medicinal herb valued for its bioactive withanolides, yet its natural regeneration remains poor. This study evaluated the responses of in vitro cultured shoot tip and nodal explants to graded supplementation of Mn, Zn, and Fe in the culture medium (1x, 5x, 10x, 20x, 30x, and 50x Murashige and Skoog levels) to assess their effects on morphogenesis, antioxidant activity, and micronutrient accumulation. It was hypothesised that moderate micronutrient enrichment would enhance growth and antioxidant activity, whereas higher levels would inhibit development. Moderate supplementation, particularly at 10x–20x levels, significantly improved regeneration efficiency (up to 95%), shoot elongation (up to 5.8 cm), chlorophyll content and biomass accumulation, while excessive exposure (30x–50x) resulted in pronounced growth inhibition. Antioxidant enzymes displayed distinct micronutrient-specific activation patterns, with Mn maximised superoxide dismutase (SOD) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities, Zn enhanced catalase and GPX, and Fe strongly induced catalase, (SOD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) at optimal concentrations before declining at higher levels. Micronutrient uptake increased with external supplementation, following the order Zn > Mn > Fe, and nodal explants consistently exhibited greater tolerance than shoot tips. This study provides the first integrated Mn–Zn–Fe response profile for W. coagulans, offering a physiological basis for nutrient-optimised micropropagation, stress management, and ex situ conservation.

Air pollution poses a significant public health risk, as pollutants, emitted from both natural and anthropogenic sources, can penetrate deep into the respiratory system, leading to a wide range of respiratory diseases. While numerous studies have examined the role of meteorological factors in modulating air quality, limited research has focussed specifically on their effectiveness in regions characterized by intensive mineral extraction activities, particularly coal mining zones where emission loads remain persistently high. In this context, the concentration levels of PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 were continuously monitored for one year using an automated ambient air quality monitoring system to investigate their seasonal behaviour and meteorological interactions. The recorded concentration ranged from 17.49 to 393.40µg/m3 for PM10, 5.45 to 231.53µg/m3 for PM2.5, 12.3 to 62.05µg/m3 for NO2, and 11.59 to 182µg/m3 for SO2. The pollutant concentrations peaked during winter and declined during summer and monsoon seasons. The trend analysis using Theil-Sen estimator revealed significant negative trends for all four pollutants PM10 (-181.79 units), PM2.5 (-106.11 units), SO2 (-22.76 units), and NO2 (-29.89 units). The linear regression analysis demonstrated a strong correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 (R2 = 0.89), whereas a weak association (R2 = 0.01) was observed between NO2 and SO2. Nonlinear regression further indicated temperature as a key influencing factor, showing a strong inverse relationship with NO2 (-13.218) and a moderate negative impact on PM2.5 (-1.517). Overall, the findings of this study underscore highlight the seasonal vulnerability of coal mining regions to pollutant accumulation and highlights the limitations of mechanisms under elevated emission scenarios. Furthermore, this study establishes temperature as a boundary-layer control variable and emphasizes that effective air-quality management in coal-mining regions must integrate real-time meteorological forecasting with emission scheduling for sustainable air-quality compliance.

The widespread use of the organophosphate insecticide profenofos in agriculture has sparked worries about its possible harmful effects on the reproductive system of mammals. This study set out to evaluate the consequences of everyday exposure to 25 and 50 mg/kg body weight of profenofos on the reproductive system of albino male rats. A low dose of 25 mg per kg, a high dose of 50 mg per kg, and no therapy were administered to three groups of adult male albino rats for a duration of forty-five days. The results revealed a significant dose-dependent decrease in sperm viability, motility, and count, as well as an increase in sperm abnormalities. These results show that male reproductive health is severely harmed by profenofos, which may result in infertility. In order to reduce the hazards of profenofos' reproductive toxicity to mammals, the study emphasizes the necessity of stringent regulation and prudence around its usage.

The employing of mathematical models to comprehend complicated processes is widespread. The mathematical model often takes the form of an ordinary differential equation system. The Susceptible–Infected–Recovered (SIR) epidemic model of childhood diseases is mathematically analyzed and reported in this research paper using the Caputo fractional-order derivative operator. The series/approximate solutions of the aforesaid model are explained with the help of the Sumudu Transform Homotopy Perturbation Method (STHPM). To verify our findings, we presented three graphs for the susceptible class [Formula: see text], infected [Formula: see text] and recovered [Formula: see text] and noted that for smaller values of [Formula: see text], the susceptible class declined more slowly indicating a stronger memory effect and slower spread of the epidemic. For the infected class, smaller values of [Formula: see text] increase a decay in infection, while higher values of [Formula: see text] make the system resemble the classical integer-order model. This suggests that the proposed fractional-order model is more suitable for childhood diseases due to the memory effects, flexibility of predictive modeling of the epidemic and biological consistency of the initial conditions. The Caputo fractional derivative operator and the projected technique (STHPM) are expected to open up new avenues for manipulating and analyzing a number of epidemiological models in future research.