Institut Supérieur d'Études Maritimes

The Tamdroust copper ore deposit, located within the Bou Azzer–El Graara inlier (Central Anti-Atlas, Morocco), exemplifies Lower Cambrian carbonate–siliciclastic–hosted copper mineralization formed through the combined effects of stratigraphic, structural, and hydrothermal processes. The deposit lies within the Lower Cambrian Igoudine and Amouslek formations of the Tata Group. It is controlled by a major fault system trending N110°–N150°, which served as the main pathway for metalliferous fluids during Hercynian tectonic reactivation. Copper mineralization predominantly occurs in reduced green siltstones and dolostones deposited on a shallow, mixed carbonate–siliciclastic marine platform influenced by episodic terrigenous input. Two main styles of mineralization are recognized: (i) disseminated sulfides, including fine-grained bornite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite dispersed within permeable host rocks; and (ii) vein and veinlet stockworks along interconnected fracture corridors associated with the major fault zone. Textural and petrographic studies reveal a multi-stage paragenetic sequence evolution that comprises: (1) early disseminated and veinlet-type bornite–chalcopyrite–pyrite associated with quartz–calcite; (2) hydrothermal enrichment along faults marked by bornite replacement by chalcocite with digenite and covellite; and (3) supergene weathering producing native copper and secondary carbonates. Stable isotope geochemistry offers crucial insights into the origin and development of mineralizing fluids. Sulfur isotope compositions of bornite (δ³⁴S ≈ +10.2‰) suggest a mixed sulfur reservoir primarily formed by thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) of evaporitic sulfates, aligning with the presence of Lower Cambrian evaporite-rich formations. Carbon and oxygen isotope values measured in hydrothermal calcite (δ¹³C = –3.6 to –2.6‰ VPDB; δ¹⁸O = –15.8 to –15.2‰ VPDB, equivalent to +14.7 to +15.3‰ VSMOW) indicate moderate-temperature (~150–160°C) hydrothermal fluids originating from mixed meteoric–basinal brines that have isotopically equilibrated with carbonate–evaporite host rocks. The δ¹³C signatures further point to a dominant marine carbonate source with no significant biogenic carbon contribution, while minor meteoric or atmospheric mixing remains possible. These findings support a model of fluid–rock interaction in a mesothermal hydrothermal setting, where brines, partially modified by evaporites, played a key role in copper transport and sulfide formation. The spatial distribution of ores highlights the significance of redox-controlled mineralization, with the most notable mineral deposits forming at the boundary between oxidized hematite-bearing red beds and reduced green siltstones and carbonates. This redox boundary served as a chemical trap, allowing TSR-driven production of reduced sulfur species and subsequent copper sulfide deposition. In summary, geological, structural, and isotopic evidence indicate that the Tamdroust deposit is a carbonate-hosted copper system of epigenetic stratabound type in Cambrian evaporitic settings, formed during the Hercynian reactivation of Cambrian sedimentary basins. The Tamdroust system exhibits strong similarities with other Cambrian Cu ore deposits in the Anti-Atlas, particularly Jbel N’Zourk and Jbel Laassal, supporting a regional metallogenic model involving fault-controlled brine flow, evaporite involvement, and redox-driven sulfide formation. These findings offer a predictive framework for future copper exploration, focusing on structurally controlled brine pathways and redox boundaries as primary targets across the Central Anti-Atlas.

Exhaust gas cleaning systems are now routinely installed on ships to comply with international sulfur emission limits. While their performance on air emissions is well understood, monitoring of scrubber washwater discharges is still limited in practice. In many cases, operational measurements are available, but their connection to regulatory compliance remains indirect or unclear. In the proposed approach, we focus on how existing shipboard data can be used more effectively for washwater compliance assessment. We propose a data-driven and explainable approach that combines physics-based proxy calculations with standard compliance rules, anomaly detection, and machine-learning tools. High-frequency operational data from several diesel generator units are used to estimate washwater acidity when continuous pH measurements are not available. The proxy calculation relies on engine load, washwater flow rate, and seawater buffering capacity. This makes it possible to follow discharge conditions continuously and compare them with both international and United States regulatory limits. The analysis shows a clear difference between steady and transitional operation. During stable operation at moderate to high engine loads, typically between 70 and 75 percent of rated capacity, washwater chemistry remains stable. In these periods, pH values stay within a narrow range, generally between 5.8 and 6.5. Short departures from compliance are observed mainly during transient phases, such as startup, shutdown, or rapid load changes. These events are brief and usually last only a few minutes. An anomaly detection method based on interquartile ranges is able to identify these excursions without reacting to isolated sensor noise. On top of this analytical layer, we introduce a supervised classification model as an early-warning tool. The model is trained using a set of temporal and operational features derived from the data. Under cross-validation, it achieves a mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.89 and a recall of 98 percent. An explainable analysis of the model output shows that predicted violations are primarily associated with changes in buffering capacity, variations in washwater flow, and short-term pH behavior. These results suggest that washwater compliance risks are not random. They are closely linked to operating regimes and to specific system transitions. The proposed approach illustrates how physics-informed and explainable analytics can turn routine shipboard data into practical and auditable compliance information, useful both for ship operators and for regulatory oversight.

• High-grade copper mineralization in Jbel N’Zourk aligns with key NNW-SSE fault zones. • Distinct copper-bearing minerals include bornite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite. • Isotope data suggest complex origins involving organic and marine carbonate sources. • Fault-controlled fluid systems reveal unique copper deposition via sulfate reduction. • Sulfur isotope analysis indicates marine sulfate as a primary sulfur source for mineralization. • Variscan tectonic events likely reactivated structures, aiding copper concentration. The Jbel N’Zourk copper deposit in the central Anti-Atlas preserves structural and mineralogical features reflecting a complex formation history. High-grade copper mineralization is predominantly confined to the carbonate and siltstone layers within the lower members of the Early Cambrian Adoudou Formation. The mineralization is spatially associated with a prominent NNW-SSE-trending fault, which likely played a crucial role in the localization and concentration of copper mineralization across the region. The copper mineralization is manifested through massive, disseminated, and stockwork occurrences of Cu-sulfides such as bornite, chalcopyrite, and digenite. Stable isotope analyses of the ore-associated calcite yield δ 13 C values ranging from −9 to + 2.9 ‰ and δ 18 O values from + 19.5 to + 22 ‰. These isotopic signatures suggest a complex origin of carbon, derived from both organic matter dehydroxylation and marine carbonate dissolution. Oxygen isotope signatures indicate significant diagenetic processes affecting mineralization, while sulfur isotope data of bornite (δ 34 S: 13.3–21.6 ‰) suggest marine sulfate as the primary sulfur source. The δ 34 S data, along with the evaporitic and carbonate sequences in the marine Adoudounian Formation, demonstrate that thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) was the dominant process, converting sulfate into sulfide and facilitating copper ore deposition. The evolution of ore fluids progressed through deep-seated hydrothermal fluid migration, sulfate interaction driving TSR-driven sulfide precipitation, and subsequent fluid remobilization. This dynamic system influenced by episodic fluid pulses, resulted in stockwork and open-space filling textures within karstic cavities at shallow crustal levels. These features support a model of copper-rich hydrothermal mineralization, where faults and folded structures, formed or reactivated during the Variscan tectonic events, acted as key controls on ore deposition.

This work aims to fill theoretical and operational gaps in managing the interfaces and shared impacts of safety and security risks in Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) ports which threaten the supply chain with high risks and disruption. It proposes a holistic and integrated approach to security risk assessment and management in LNG ports and marine terminals, which are strategically located midstream the supply chain and present credible targets for international terrorism. Rising global demand has focused on safety and security concerns spanning LNG production, transport, distribution, and related infrastructures. To prevent interruptions and to raise supply chain robustness and resilience, LNG port safety and security risk management is viewed from a supply chain perspective and the relationships and shared impacts are examined. A case study embracing multiple research methods engaged expert practitioners in reformulating the prevailing dichotomous approach to risk management. A holistic approach, considered essential, was encapsulated in a practical conceptual model for LNG port integrated safety and security risks and emergency management, including risk prevention, mitigation, emergency planning and response, and port business continuity. Implementation is urgent at LNG ports lacking this approach.

In this study, we utilized the material design library in Ansys Product 2022 R1 to analyze the impact of short plant fibers on the mechanical properties of epoxy resin. We employed the representative volume element (RVE) approach and examined different volume fractions up to 50%. The technique employed in this study was multi-scale modeling based on the finite element method (FEM) for numerical homogenization. Subsequently, we used the same software to develop a five-layer laminated composite. The samples were based on epoxy resin enriched with short plant fibers at fractions of 20% and 30%, as well as pure epoxy resin. The laminated composites were reinforced with carbon fibers. The objective of this study was to analyze the mechanical response of each sample during a tensile test, focusing on multiple parameters. The sought-after results included total deformation, directional deformation, equivalent and elastic stress (Von-mises). The samples containing epoxy resin enriched with 30% of short hemp fibers exhibited remarkable mechanical strength compared to the other samples. These results suggest that the incorporation of short hemp fibers into the matrix led to a significant improvement in the mechanical strength of the composite.

Abstract This study aims to assess the morphodynamic changes undergone by an inlet, sandpits, and adjacent beaches of Moulay Bousselham lagoon (Morocco Atlantic coast), considered as a RAMSAR site of significant biodiversity. Firstly, a Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) is applied to monitor shoreline evolution for 72 years between 1949 and 2021, based on the EPR and LRR models, with the study area divided into south and north sides. Secondly, we mapped sandpit areas in the lagoon using recent satellite images and historical aerial photos within a GIS (Geographic Information System) environment. As a result, the average annual accretion rates on the north side, comprising 276 transects, are + 0.63 m/year (EPR) and + 0.55 m/year (LRR). Accretion is observed in 239 transects, while erosion is recorded in 37 transects. The south side, comprising 2211 transects, shows average annual erosion rates of -0.67 m/year (EPR) and − 0.82 m/year (LRR), with 1359 transects showing accretion and 872 transects indicating erosion. We show significant changes in the sandpit areas at the entrance and inside the lagoon, with the area of accumulation increasing from around 155662 m² in 1949 to 983823 m² in 2021. Accordingly, a Morphodynamical model is developed Based on the obtained results, which explains the main factors controlling the inlet evolution taking into account the dominant swell direction and energy. This article will help us to understand the relationship between the evolution of the coastline and its immediate influence on sediment supply to the lagoon.

La guerre que l’on se prépare à faire est toujours une guerre virtuelle ; c’est une anticipation que l’on reproduit sur les terrains d’exercice sans jamais pouvoir l’imiter parfaitement. La difficulté est encore plus grande lorsqu’on perçoit à partir du milieu du xix e siècle que sous la poussée de changements considérables et rapides dans les sociétés de l’époque, cette guerre future sera forcément très différente de la dernière que l’on a menée. On met donc en place en France après 1871, à l’imitation de l’armée prussienne, toute une structure de simulation expérimentale de la guerre dont on espère qu’elle permettra de se préparer au mieux au grand conflit futur. Le résultat concret est très mitigé, mais cet effort aura au moins permis de former une génération d’officiers à analyser et débattre, ce qui sera essentiel pour obtenir la victoire.

Marine aquaculture has proliferated over the past decade, expanding into new, untapped open-water cultivation areas, such as lakes, rivers and deeper offshore environments, in response to increasing demand for seafood by consumers. However, to ensure sustainable development, it is necessary to minimize the impact of other ocean activities and the environment through science-based spatial planning. The choice of the primary site (physical carrying capacity) depends mainly on the aquaculture system, which varies around the world. However, the site is considered one of the factors (production, ecological and social) keys to any aquaculture operation, especially in the African continent. This choice affects both the success and sustainability of the products cultivated and the resolution of conflicts between different activities as well as the rational use of space. This study aims to identify suitable areas (primary site selection) for aquaculture in the Moroccan Atlantic continental shelf focused on the sub-area located between Cap Ghir 31.25° and Tarfaya 27.47°, based on the assessment of the dominant wave energy by implementing the hydrodynamical SWAN (Simulating Waves Nearshore) model dedicated for this kind of study. We derived the inputs for the SWAN model from WW3 (WAVEWATCH III model), which the AVISO data-products have extensively validated. The results show that, even if the Atlantic area is known for the agitation of its seas, there is the possibility of having adequate areas for aquaculture with an overall capacity that could extinguish the 389 ha in the study area if aquatic cultivation manages to exploit the offshore areas. At the level of the sub-zone belonging to the sous-Massa region (zone 1), the results show a strong coherence between the values of the surfaces estimated by the study and the actual values resulting from the development plan, with a value of 69 Ha for the first and 75 for the second, i.e., equal to 6 Ha, due to the geomorphology of the coast and natural coastal shelters, which play favorably on the environment for aquaculture development. These areas may attract the greed of investors, although they are in the process of being the subject of an aquaculture development plan.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh literasi keuangan dan perilaku keuangan terhadap perilaku utang dengan menggunakan platform peer-to-peer lending. Desain penelitian asosiatif-kuantitatif akan digunakan dalam penyelidikan ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner online yang disebarkan pada 100 responden pemilik UMKM di industri garmen yang telah menggunakan atau sedang menggunakan platform peer-to-peer lending dengan omzet maksimal 50 miliar/tahun. Data penelitian ini dianalisis menggunakan pendekatan model persamaan struktural dengan metode PLS (Partial Least Squares). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa literasi keuangan dan perilaku keuangan berpengaruh signifikan terhadap perilaku utang ketika menggunakan platform peer-to-peer lending. Oleh sebab itu pemilik UMKM perlu memahami karakteristik dan pendanaan dari melalui peer-to-peer lending yang tepat sesuai kebutuhan. Sedangkan bagi pengelola platform peer-to-peer lending dapat mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja dan perlu secara berkelanjutan meningkatkan kinerja platform peer-to-peer lending.