Institute for Fiscal Studies

En este artículo se analiza la violencia económica y patrimonial desde el reconocimiento como tipos de agresión hacia las mujeres. Se subraya cómo estas conductas menoscaban la dignidad, autonomía y capacidad de subsistencia. A pesar que en el Perú la Ley N°30364 las reconoce como tipos de violencia, resulta insuficiente la regulación actual, ya que el Código Penal no las tipifica como delitos. Esta carencia de tipificación obstaculiza su identificación, la protección efectiva de las víctimas y la aplicación de sanciones adecuadas El análisis propone que estas conductas agresivas se tipifiquen como delitos en el Código Penal, siguiendo el modelo de otros ordenamientos jurídicos internacionales, lo que busca asegurar una protección eficaz contra la violencia de género. También se enfatiza la necesidad de establecer con claridad qué actos constituyen violencia económica y patrimonial. Pues, una definición precisa facilitará su reconocimiento por parte de las víctimas y permitirá a los operadores jurídicos actuar con una diligencia reforzada. Implementar la reforma penal significaría un avance crucial para prevenir el escalamiento de la violencia económica y patrimonial, así como construir un sistema social donde se asegure la igualdad de derechos sin discriminación por el género

We examine the labour supply response of doctors in England to a reform to public sector pensions that increased the link between current labour supply and pension value. Exploiting the staggered rollout of the reform across narrowly defined birth cohorts, we find that mid-career doctors increased their labour supply to the public healthcare system by just under 4% four years after exposure. This was driven by increases on the extensive margin of working in the public healthcare system. Our results imply an extensive margin labour supply elasticity with respect to the link between current labour supply and pension value of 0.04. Taking into account current pay we estimate an extensive margin labour supply elasticity with respect to total remuneration of 0.29. This is similar to estimates of doctor labour elasticities with respect to pay in other contexts, and suggests that delayed remuneration can be an effective tool for hospital systems to affect mid-career doctor labour supply.

Human infants express vocal distress to signal needs to be met by a caregiver. Maternal responses to infant distress are influenced by biological constraints and shaped by cultural practices. This study used a culture learning perspective to investigate the ways immigrant mothers' responsiveness to their infants' vocal distress is modified by acculturation. Methodologically, group-level acculturation was assessed by comparing immigrant Japanese, South Korean and South American dyads with nonmigrant dyads in their respective cultures of origin (Japan, South Korea and Argentina) and destination (United States); immigrant mothers were also compared with each other. Altogether, 408 mothers and their 5½-month-old infants were videorecorded in the naturalistic setting of the home. The frequencies and odds ratios for five maternal responses to infant distress (distract, hold, nurture, speak, affection) were computed using sequential analysis and then compared. Patterns of acculturation at the group level proved to be specific to each cultural group. Comparisons among the immigrant samples revealed differences for most responses. These results support the specificity principle in acculturation for maternal responsiveness to infant distress. This article is part of the theme issue 'Mechanisms of learning from social interaction'.

Elaine Kelly of Institute for Fiscal Studies and The Health Foundation reviews “The Economics of the UK Health and Social Care Labour Market: How Labour Economics Can Inform Policy toward the Frontline Care Workforce” by Robert Elliott. The Econlit abstract of this book begins: “Discusses economic theories key to understanding the workings of the labor markets for frontline health- and social-care workers in the United Kingdom, focusing on the theories of net advantages, human capital, the production function, the labor demand schedule, and equilibrium in the labor market.”

Abstract We investigate how (the timing of) economic support measures during the COVID‐19 pandemic affected household financial distress across Europeans aged 50 and older. Using SHARE data, we track changes in financial well‐being before, during and after the pandemic. Using policy data from the Oxford COVID‐19 Government Response Tracker, we distinguish between countries that implemented support at an early versus a later stage. Exploiting a triple‐difference identification strategy, we show that timely government interventions significantly reduced financial distress for working‐age households experiencing job interruption, while delayed responses led to increased financial strain. The effect is robust to different specificities of the identification strategy. Our findings highlight the importance not only of the generosity, but also of timing of fiscal support in times of crisis.