Institute of History

In recent years, rewilding theories and initiatives have gained momentum as a credible solution to the loss of ecological diversity and stability. However, rewilding remains a controversial theory that draws our attention to the multiple links between intervention, history, and the value of nonhuman capacity for self-organization. Tracing the history of practices and theoretical frameworks of some emblematic projects and proposals in this field, we focus on the shortcomings and theoretical challenges of functional approaches, including notions of functional equivalence, and the difficulties posed by counterfactual reference points. At the heart of this analysis are the contradictions that some of these approaches pose with the crucial goal of rewilding, which is, in principle, to preserve immanence and spontaneous organization. By way of conclusion, the recommendation to deepen reflection on the past for a genuine and ethically sound incorporation of the feral into everyday life is presented.

Jelen tanulmány vizsgálja, hogy az uniós jog jelenleg hogyan biztosítja az azonos nemű házaspárok szabad mozgáshoz és tartózkodáshoz való jogát, hogy milyen további jogok származtathatók ebből az alapvető szabadságból, és milyen típusú jogi és politikai lépésekre van szükség, ami biztosíthatja a határokon átnyúló esetekben a szivárványcsaládok szabad mozgáshoz való jogát az Európai Unióban.A tagállamoknak az uniós jog értelmében ma már kötelezően el kell ismerniük a más tagállamban megállapított szülői jogállást, különösen a szabad mozgáshoz való uniós jogból eredő jogok – mint egy másik tagállamba való beutazáshoz és tartózkodáshoz való jog, az egyenlő bánásmódhoz való jog és a gyermek úti okmányainak beszerzéséhez való jog – alkalmazása esetén. Az uniós jog ugyanakkor nem írja elő a más tagállamban megállapított szülői jogállás elismerését a gyermek nemzeti jogából eredő jogai, például az öröklési, tartási vagy felügyeleti jogok szempontjából.Feltételezhető, hogy a szabad mozgásról szóló uniós jog (mint megkülönböztetésmentes alapvető jog) kötelezettséget ró a tagállamokra az azonos nemű párok egy másik tagállamban kötött házasságának elismerésére vonatkozóan, ezáltal biztosítható az azonos nemű párok házasságának határokon átnyúló elismerése – mint családi állapot – az Európai Unióban. Továbbá, hogy az azonos nemű pár külföldön kötött házasságának el nem ismerését az uniós polgárok szabad mozgásának akadályaként is lehet értelmezni, illetve ezen alapvető szabadság korlátozása nehezen igazolható a közrendre, a közérdekre és/vagy nemzeti identitásra hivatkozással.A hipotézis megerősítésére vagy érvénytelenítésére használt módszer az Európai Unió Bírósága (EUB) és az Emberi Jogok Európai Bírósága (EJEB) joggyakorlatának elemzésén keresztül történik. Az ügyek között különös jelentőség tulajdonítható a szivárványcsaládok mozgásszabadságát érintő két EUB-ügynek, a Coman- és a Pancharevo-ügynek.

Abstract Heritage is not always visible, particularly in archaeology, where much of it lies hidden underground. Often, archaeological remains are discovered accidentally and destructively, with governments sometimes overseeing their documentation. However, land surveying is crucial for proper documentation and interpretation. Using non-invasive or non-destructive techniques, as recommended by UNESCO, archaeologists can document hidden heritage. Geophysical surveys like ground-penetrating radar (GPR), alongside remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allow us to reveal entire buried cities, pipelines, defensive systems, and burial sites. Specialists and educators must document and share this historical heritage to ensure society values and preserve it. Teachers play a vital role in Heritage Education. Natural heritage, such as mines, and cultural heritage, like archaeological sites, can be used as educational resources in classrooms to teach History, Art History, and Geography. Incorporating archaeology encourages students to develop critical and reflective thinking. Current educational legislation and curriculum in Spain promote ICT tools, making GIS an ideal way to present hidden heritage through surveys and spatial analysis. By engaging students in archaeological research processes, they can explore new sites, solve historical questions, and develop teamwork and respect for heritage conservation.

This article analyzes the content of four All-Union Population Censuses (1959, 1970, 1979 and 1989) using methods of internal criticism and comparative analysis of sources. The analysis includes systematized data stored in state archives across the country and statistical compilations published for official purposes. The study found that the censuses were an accurate source of statistical information. The proportion of people not counted declined and did not exceed 0.4 percent of the total USSR population. Information about regions and republics was not always accurate due to policies of the government to hide information about certain categories of population, such as military personnel, KGB agents, and workers in certain industries. This paper suggests a method for estimating population growth based on Soviet data and the 2002 Russian census. Increments were small in Russia as a whole and were greatest in areas with closed cities. They had little impact on estimates of natural growth and migration, except in the period 1989-1991. Most census data is available for research in central and local archives and some libraries, but some information may be missing or not transferred from departments to archives. The Russian State Archives of Economics have the most comprehensive data. Some statistics have been published, including collections for official use, which are valuable. The results allow scientists to understand trends in population numbers, social classes, ages, genders, ethnicities, and dynamics during this period. In future, it may be possible to create specific tables for each census with detailed information.

.

Írásomban a magyarországi polgári nőmozgalom fejlődésének fordulópontjait mutatom be Erzsébet királyné korában, pontosabban az 1840-es évek végétől az 1890-es évek közepéig. A kérdéskör bemutatásához elengedhetetlen azon politikai, gazdasági és társadalmi változások vázolása a tanulmány elején, amelyek a 19. századi nőmozgalom történetét alapvetően befolyásolták. Ezt követően a nőmozgalom polgári szárnya fejlődésének főbb állomásait ismertetem. Munkám második felében ezekre támaszkodva reflektálok Erzsébetnek a magyarországi polgári nőszervezetekkel kialakult kapcsolatára konkrét példákon keresztül. A fentiek mellett érvelek amellett, hogy a királyné nyomon követte és különböző eszközökkel támogatta számos nőegyesület tevékenységét. Forrásként a polgári nőszervezetekhez és az általuk üzemeltetett intézmények kiadványaira, és más időszaki sajtótermékekre támaszkodtam. Fotó: Wikipedia

The purpose of the research paper is to emphasize the pivotal role of the U.S. Congress in raising awareness about the Kosovo issue and violations of human rights during the late 1980s, with a specific emphasis on congressional resolutions and lobbying efforts that shaped U.S. foreign policy toward the region. Scientific novelty. The paper is explores how legislative measures and the early lobbying efforts of prominent U.S. congressmen helped bring the plight of Kosovo Albanians to the international stage, shaping diplomatic responses to the conflict. By analyzing the intersection of domestic political advocacy and international diplomacy, the paper offers valuable insights into early legislative actions and their influence on global political outcomes and human rights initiatives. Conclusions. In the late 1980s, the U.S. Congress played a pivotal role in addressing the severe human rights violations faced by the Albanian population in Kosovo under Yugoslav rule. Congressional actions, including resolutions introduced by key figures like Congressman Joseph DioGuardi and Senator Robert Dole in 1986 and 1987, condemned the systematic oppression of ethnic Albanians. These initiatives emphasized adherence to international agreements such as the Helsinki Final Act and called for the release of political prisoners. Additional resolutions from 1989, championed by Congressman Tom Lantos, William S. Broomfield, and Benjamin Gilman, further reinforced this stance by condemning Serbia’s efforts to revoke Kosovo’s autonomy and advocating for the Albanians’ right to self-determination and human rights. This period marked a significant shift in international awareness, with the U.S. Congress acting as a critical voice in highlighting the plight of Kosovo’s ethnic Albanians. Legislative efforts laid the groundwork for integrating Kosovo’s struggles into U.S. foreign policy. Resolution 358 of 1986 was particularly impactful, bringing the issue to the forefront of U.S. diplomacy. By calling for political reforms and the restoration of self-determination in the form of a federal republic, these measures represented the first substantial foreign institutional support for Kosovo’s marginalized population. At a time when Albanian-American lobbying was still developing, these congressional actions were instrumental in shaping future diplomatic and political pressure on Yugoslavia. The resolutions underscored U.S. commitments to international human rights standards, aligning with frameworks like the Helsinki Accords. They highlighted a strategic approach that emphasized human rights, legal justice, and Kosovo’s right to self-governance.

Abstract. Despite its proximity to cities with important botanical institutions such as Madrid and Salamanca, and its location between important mountain ranges (Gredos and Malagón mountain ranges), the flora of the province of Ávila had not been studied comprehensively until now. In this article, we present the first checklist of the vascular flora of this province, which is the result of a thorough critical bibliographic review, numerous field trips, and the study of materials preserved in Iberian herbaria, mainly those that house the majority of the collections made in the province. The taxonomic and nomenclatural treatment takes into account the results of the latest monographic works and, particularly, the molecular phylogeny studies conducted over three decades. These studies have substantially changed the classification to align it with the evolutionary processes that have contributed to the current plant biodiversity. We have accepted a total of 1960 taxa (species and subspecies), with 1797 considered native and 163 introduced. Additionally, we present the floristic spectrum of the province and the state of conservation of its flora. All of this is discussed in light of the data provided by the complete checklists available from neighbouring provinces. For each taxon, we highlight its presence or absence in the three ecological regions into which we have divided the province (La Moraña region, Sierra de Gredos, and Sierra de Malagón). Where necessary, we provide observations regarding its distribution, taxonomy, or nomenclature. Notably, we include the genus Exaculum in Schenkia, leading us to propose a new nomenclatural combination.

Energy poverty is a complex, multifaceted problem which negatively affects many households around the world. Therefore, its mitigation is one of the most relevant policy goals for governments nowdays. The events of COVID-19, and the surge in energy prices due to the postpandemic recovery, the war in Ukraine and the energy crisis worsened an already difficult situation for many citizens, increasing energy poverty. However, these detrimental effects on energy poverty are unlikely to have been homogenous across different household types, impacting some more than others. Although energy poverty in general and the determinants of energy poverty in particular are topics which have received attention from academics in the past, the analysis of the impact of those events on specific types of households has not. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of COVID, the post-pandemic recovery and the war in Ukraine on energy poverty through an analysis of their effects on different types of households and dwellings. Using a database of Spanish households in 2019 and 2022, and binary probit estimations, the results show that those household heads who are foreign nationals, females, older than 67 years, without education and with lower income levels and households with dependent children, whose members do not have a job and live in a detached dwelling, in a rented house, in a dwelling located in a cold region, in a rural area and in an old dwelling are more likely to be energy poor. Both events had a negative effect on energy poverty in very specific types of households: those in which the household head is a male, households whose members do not have a job, are older than 67 years, have children, are less educated, have lower income levels and live in detached dwellings. Analysing the most affected household types and most influential determinants of energy poverty is key to propose effective and efficient policy interventions which mitigate it. These findings call for the adoption of effective targeted policy interventions which focus on the factors that are more likely to reduce EP. They suggest that additional policy efforts to mitigate energy poverty should be put on specific households.

The Setembrizada and Novembrada occurred in 1831, amid a political crisis in Brazil following the abdication of Pedro I in favor of his five-year-old son, Pedro II. With the throne vacant, a regency was established to govern the country. However, the regency encountered several challenges, including attempts by the imperial government to centralize power. In Pernambuco, the provincial president, appoin ted by Pedro I, attempted to dissolve the Legislative Assembly in November 1831, sparking a strong popular reaction. The people of Pernambuco rebel led against these authoritarian measures and local corruption.