Institute of Justice

The study’s objective was to give a critical analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic, while also assessing the influence of Covid-19 on correctional facilities in South Africa. The correctional society was not immune to the detrimental impacts of COVID-19, and its arrival forced all South African correctional facilities to take several measures, including limitations on correctional facility visitation and the early release of some offenders. Therefore, the study ought to review the impact measures devised to address this global scourge. A literature review analysis was adopted by the authors. The study critically analysed existing papers, which included; government documents/reports and scholarly papers. Thus, a qualitative content analysis was adopted for the data analysis. The study discovered that the measures that were implemented in correctional centres to address the spread of COVID-19 resulted in some incarcerated persons being released while not fully rehabilitated. The release of some of the inmates was based on the urge to reduce the overpopulation within the correctional centres. The study also discovered that the South African Correctional facilities had challenges with physical social distancing due to overcrowding. The study recommends that the administration and functions of prisons be objectively measured by the number of stakeholders and the gradation of specialist bodies to maximise the culture of efficient governance that is human rights oriented. This study adds to the existing literature on ensuring the safety of inmates of correctional facilities in South Africa. Keywords: COVID-19, Correctional Facilities, Prisoner, Incarcerated Person, South Africa

Le monde judiciaire a fortement et massivement témoigné de son profond malaise en 2021, se plaignant notamment de l’insuffisance de ses moyens et d’une perte de sens de son travail. Ce qui a conduit le président de la République à lancer des « États généraux de la justice » sous forme d’une consultation de grande ampleur des citoyens, des magistrats et agents de l’institution judiciaire ainsi que des partenaires de cette dernière. Toutefois, on peut se demander si et dans quelle mesure toutes les réflexions émises dans ce cadre seront réellement reprises par le Comité mis en place pour en faire la synthèse mais aussi pour, en toute autonomie, formuler ses propositions… À cet égard on exprime ici le plus grand scepticisme, pour s’en tenir à la matière pénale, quant à la prise en compte des aspirations « sécuritaires » qui se sont manifestées à cette occasion – et, par conséquent, quant à la perspective d’une radicale remise en cause des conceptions dominantes dans la législation et les pratiques répressives qu’imposerait pourtant la « dévitalisation » actuelle de notre système pénal, en décalage manifeste avec les attentes de la société.

The aim of the research, entitled: “A framework for cooperation between community partnerships, stakeholders, and funders” is to demonstrate improving community well-being and integrating collaborative efforts between different stakeholders in society, and the female target sample in Garden City, Michigan, in which it addressed: the company, the target sample, and the vision of The work team and its mission, the goals of the work team, and their guidelines.

After China clearly put forward the educational work of "three complete education" for vocational education, vocational education presents a new situation of educational reform and development. Three complete education includes three important aspects: full education, whole process education and comprehensive education. In the process of promoting the educational concept of "three complete education", we need to clarify the guiding direction and guiding ideology of education, understand the implementation measures and paths of "three complete education" in the field of vocational education, actively build the educational system of "three complete education", and reshape the value of curriculum education and students' ideological education. We should really provide a good education and development environment for outstanding technical talents in the new era, and achieve the educational reform goal of all-round education.

L’annulation d’un acte de procédure, avec ses conséquences induites, parfois fort lourdes, peut être une source d’incompréhension, voire de scandale, pour les victimes et l’opinion publique, et altérer l’image de la justice. S’il n’est pas possible de transiger avec les garanties essentielles de la qualité et de la sincérité du procès, comme les droits et libertés des personnes, il faut aussi, dans ce domaine, savoir faire preuve de pragmatisme et refuser tant le « fétichisme » de la forme qu’un excessif rigorisme. C’est le sens des propositions formulées ici, tendant, mieux qu’avec le droit actuel, à réduire l’exposition au risque de la nullité, à mieux cerner les critères de l’acte annulable et, en cas d’annulation, à éviter l’annihilation pure et simple de l’acte quand elle ne s’impose pas.

Impact loading is the primary source of head injuries and can result in a range of trauma from mild to severe. Because of the multiple environments in which impact-related injuries can take place (automotive accidents, sports, accidental falls, violence), they can potentially affect the entire population regardless of their health conditions. Despite the increasing research effort on the understanding of head impact biomechanics, accurate prediction and prevention of traumatic injuries has not been completely achieved.

Indonesia regulations are ensuring that work as the human right for all people and therefore the state is expected to protect it. The workers have same right and opportunity without discrimination to create the income for them and their families. One of the real action of the government in protecting the workers is making and applying the Act Number 39/2004 on Placement and Protection of Indonesian Workers. The purpose of this research is to know how Article 35 of Act Number 39/2004 would be implemented in particular for Indonesian workers who work under Recognised Seasonal Employment New Zealand scheme. The research is very important to be done to find the difference between the regulation which made by Indonesian government on a category of minimum education that determined by law for the candidate of Indonesian workers and the implementation of that regulation. The researcher is using normative legal research with statute approach and fact approach. The fact approach is adjusted with the process of recruitment, sending and placement of Indonesian workers in New Zealand. The result of research is showing that even though the Article 35 of Act Number 39/2004 requires the Junior High School as the minimum education but in reality, the Indonesian workers who work under RSE New Zealand scheme are not in accordance with it where some of them only have Elementary School background. 
 Peraturan perundang-undangan di Indonesia menjamin bahwa bekerja merupakan hak asasi setiap manusia dan oleh karena itu maka negara diharapkan hadir untuk memastikan hak tersebut dijamin dan dilindungi. Setiap tenaga kerja memiliki hak dan kesempatan yang sama tanpa adanya diskriminasi agar dapat memperoleh penghasilan yang layak yang akan digunakan untuk pekerja serta keluarganya. Bentuk nyata yang dilakukan oleh negara terhadap tenaga kerja Indonesia adalah dengan adanya Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2004 Tentang Penempatan dan Perlindungan Tenaga Kerja Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana implementasi hukum Pasal 35 UU No.39 Tahun 2004 khususnya bagi TKI yang bekerja dibawah program Recognised Seasonal Employment New Zealand. Penelitian ini sangat penting dilakukan untuk menemukan perbedaan antara aturan yang dibuat oleh pemerintah tentang kategori pendidikan minimum yang ditentukan dalam Undang-Undang bagi calon TKI dengan penerapan di lapangan. Jenis penelitian yang dilakukan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan serta pendekatan fakta. Pendekatan fakta di lapangan disesuaikan dengan proses yang terjadi dalam perekrutan yang dilakukan serta pengiriman dan penempatan TKI itu sendiri di negara New Zealand. Hasil yang diperoleh dalam penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Pasal 35 Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 2004 mensyaratkan pendidikan menimum SMP bagi calon TKI akan tetapi kenyataannya para TKI yang terlibat dalam program RSE New Zealand tidak sesuai di mana mereka ada juga yang memiliki pendidikan Sekolah Dasar. Fakta ini menunjukkan bahwa meskipun Undang-Undang tersebut terkesan membatasi namun sesungguhnya nilai yang terkandung di dalamnya justru sesuai di mana bekerja merupakan hak asasi manusia yang wajib dijunjung tinggi, dihormati dan di jamin penegakannya.

Proportionality, as a basic principle for exercising the state competences, requires that acts of public authority do not affect rights and legitimate interests to a greater extent than it is necessary for the purpose for which the act is issued. In applying sanction and other state coercion measures, the principle of proportionality is a threshold for the limitation of fundamental rights. Sanctions must be effective, dissuasive and proportionate. Their imposition must not have consequences which are manifestly incompatible with the objective pursued. These other requirements, which are closely related to sanctions, must be met by state coercive measures that ensure their effectiveness. The study focuses on proportionality as an element of judicial control in the definition and control of state coercive measures in domestic law and in European Union law.