Institute of Linguistics

INTRODUCTION . The euphemism “medved” (bear) was widely used as a proper noun, ultimately forming a complex and multi-layered system. The aim of the study is to identify the levels and stages of transonymization of the proper nouns associated with the specified lexeme. MATERIALS AND METHODS . The material for the study consisted of names recorded in 16th-century documents, onomastic lists and dictionaries, and topographic maps. Sampling methods, structuralsemantic, etymological, and word-formation methods were applied. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION . The first level of the onym system associated with the nomen “medved” (bear) includes Old Russian personal names and nicknames such as “Medved”, while the second level includes various folk forms derived from these names (“Mashutka”, “Medvedok”). At the third level, these names and forms transition into surnames (“Medvedev”, “Medvedkov”). Surnames, in turn, form the basis for the formation of toponyms (“Medvedevo”, “Medvedkovo”). They should be distinguished from geographical names that reflect a connection with bears: directly (the presence of the animal in the area) or indirectly (indicating the remoteness or taboo nature of the place: “Medvezhy Klyuch”, “Medvezhy Yar”). There are also names associated with geographical metaphors, reflecting the resemblance of mountains, slopes, and cliffs to this animal. From such toponyms, names of other types were formed (the elevation “Medvezhya Gora” – the city “Medvezhyegorsk”). CONCLUSION . Establishing all stages of transonymization allows us to correctly etymologize proper names, revealing both direct and indirect connections with the lexeme lexeme “medved” (bear). Further research may involve theoretical understanding of the relationship between calendar and traditional Russian names, local geographical terminology, transonymization.

Abstract Introduction Vestibular migraine is a major cause of recurrent vertigo, yet its mechanisms and diagnostic markers remain limited. Abnormal vestibular–cervical integration and convergence insufficiency, reflected by impaired near point convergence (NPC),suggest multisensory dysfunction. This study tested whether cervical proprioceptive perturbation provokes vertigo and nystagmus in vestibular migraine and evaluated NPC as a predictor of these responses. Methods Fifty-one vestibular migraine patients and 12 controls underwent interictal vestibular testing. Peripheral function was assessed with vHIT. Participants received randomized 100-Hz cervical (proprioceptive) and mastoid (vestibular) vibration without visual fixation, with eye movements recorded via video Frenzel goggles and NPC measured using standard methods. Analyses included McNemar’s, Wilcoxon signed-rank, Mann–Whitney U, correlations, and multivariable logistic regression. Results Neck vibration provoked vertigo in all vestibular migraine patients and none of the controls, producing nystagmus in 76.5%. Horizontal, ipsiversive nystagmus predominated, while less frequent vertical responses showed higher velocities. Mastoid vibration elicited no nystagmus. NPC was the only independent predictor of nystagmus and correlated with slow-phase velocity and bilateral responses. Age correlated with drift velocity, whereas vestibulo-ocular reflex gain showed no association. Discussion Neck vibration elicits vertigo and nystagmus in vestibular migraine, providing the first objective physiological marker. NPC predicts and correlates with nystagmus severity, highlighting its value as a surrogate of multisensory dysfunction. Together, these findings implicate abnormal cervical–vestibular integration and position NPC and neck-vibration testing as practical tools for diagnosis and phenotyping. Key points Vestibular migraine affects ∼3% of population yet remains highly controversial. Objective measures reveal reproducible vertigo and nystagmus in vestibular migraine. Impaired convergence strongly predicts vibration-induced nystagmus in VM patients. Findings support sensory mismatch model linking cervical proprioception to vertigo.

This study analyzes speech acts through body-based idiomatic expressions in Romanian and French, drawing on Speech Act Theory developed by Austin and Searle. The analysis focuses on assertive, directive, commissive, and expressive acts. In both languages, idioms frequently involve speech organs such as the mouth and tongue, emphasizing the embodied nature of communication. Expressive acts are the most productive, conveying emotions and attitudes through vivid bodily imagery. While Romanian often highlights verbal pressure and confrontation,French tends to emphasize vocal and expressive dimensions. Body-based idioms are therefore shown to concretely represent speech acts and reflect cultural differences in communicative conceptualization.

This paper presents a description of punctuation transfer and its types using examples from the transference of Spanish question marks and exclamation points into Russian literary texts. The primary material for this study consists of instances of punctuation transfer found in prose and poetry of the twenty-first century, while additional data comes from early experiments with such transfers dating back to the nineteenth century. The relevance of this research stems from the fact that foreign-language punctuation has received little attention within the theory of cultural and linguistic transfer. Consequently, factors motivating writers or poets to employ punctuation transfer as well as typologies of incorporating foreign-language punctuation into literary works have not been adequately established. It is demonstrated here that punctuation transfer involves deliberate borrowing of foreign punctuation marks. Two distinct types of punctuation transfer are identified based on their stylistic function: one type applies when marking foreign language dialogue, whereas another type pertains to special punctuational organization within native-language text. It is noted that the first type predominates in prose, while the second type is more characteristic of poetic compositions.

This integrative conceptual review synthesises current scholarship on teacher agency in the context of China’s Curriculum-based Ideological and Moral Education (CIME) reform, with particular attention to College English teaching. Drawing on ecological, sociocultural, identity-based, and value-oriented perspectives, the review shows that teacher agency under CIME is a dynamic, interpretive, and contextually mediated process shaped by the interaction of personal beliefs, institutional structures, and broader cultural–discursive frameworks. The enactment of agency involves teachers’ interpretive judgment, negotiation of pedagogical and value-oriented expectations, emotional meaning-making, and adaptive classroom practices. The review proposes a three-level ecological system—personal, institutional, and cultural–discursive—to explain the enabling and constraining conditions shaping agency in this reform environment. By integrating insights across diverse strands of literature, the review extends international understandings of teacher agency to ideologically framed curriculum reforms and highlights the need to consider value orientations, identity negotiations, and discursive contexts in future analyses. Implications are offered for teacher education, institutional leadership, and policy development, alongside directions for future research.

Romanian has a peculiar rule which prohibits the overt realization of definiteness marking in DPs consisting only of D0 and N0 in the complement position of most prepositions, called “article drop”. We investigate this phenomenon from a diachronic and comparative point of view. Similar phenomena are found in Albanian, Macedonian and some Rhaeto-Romance varieties, but in these varieties the rule is more limited in scope (it is restricted to locative PPs, and also to certain nouns in Rhaeto-Romance). Article drop is a common Romanian phenomenon, being found in the South-Danubian Romanian dialects as well as since the oldest attestations of Romanian. In the other Balkan languages, it may be a structural borrowing from Aromanian (Prendergast 2017). In Romanian, the prepositions exempt from article drop are those that never had locative uses or had predominant non-locative uses, which indicates an origin in locative PPs. Moreover, person-referring nouns are sometimes exempt from article drop, to a larger extent in Old Romanian and Aromanian than in Modern Romanian (where only name-like definites are exempt from the rule). We propose that article drop emerged from the reanalysis of a semantically-conditioned phenomenon into a syntactically-conditioned rule. We identify the origin of article drop in an oscillation between definite marking and zero marking in ‘weak definites’ (in the sense of Carlson & Sussman 2005; cf. Engl. at school, in jail). Weak definites often occur in locative PPs, tend to disallow modification and are usually inanimate. These properties correspond to the conditions of application of the article drop rule, as evinced by our diachronic and diatopic survey.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a percepção dos profissionais de saúde sobre o tratamento de crianças autistas. Valendo-se do referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise Fenomenológica Interpretativa (AFI), destacando-se os teóricos Merleau-Ponty (1999) e Heidegger (1981). Para isso, foram obtidas entrevistas de uma médica e uma enfermeira, que realizam o atendimento em uma Organização Social Civil (OSC), que desenvolve um projeto social junto às crianças autistas da cidade de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ. Por meio das análises dos relatos desses profissionais, o ciclo hermenêutico realizado permitiu extrair sentidos e significados sobre as atividades desenvolvidas pelos profissionais de saúde, evidenciando-se que os procedimentos adotados confirmaram uma contribuição, através do campo da subjetividade, no levantamento de muitos parâmetros relacionados ao cuidado com os pacientes autistas, entre os quais, alguns não eram antes, levados em consideração. Destacam-se a multidisciplinaridade profissional acompanhada de um movimento inclusivo dos familiares dos pacientes na efetivação do tratamento, bem como o aspecto da solicitude abordado por Heidegger (1981) e verificado na prática, através da percepção de atributos como: empatia, compreensão, orientação, paciência e outros descobertos nesta pesquisa.

The article’s subject matter is the study of eponymy from the viewpoint of the opposition between centre vs. periphery, both externally (i.e., concerning eponymy as a whole) and internally. The author argues that eponymy itself is a peripheral category regarding deappellative formation, since the semantics of eponymic inner form, while sharing common features with the latter (such as metaphor and metonymy), can also manifest ones that are unique to it (sanctifying, honorific, commemorative, and image-creating naming). Proceeding from the broad understanding of eponymy (as represented by any linguistic entity, both lexical and phrasal, formed with the help of proper nouns) as well as the three main parameters of the eponymic relationship (the underlying name, the derived eponym, and the relation thereof), the author proposes an approach to the said problem along these parameters. Then he concentrates on those peripheral eponymic entities and features that are linked to underlying names’ characteristics. There he investigates transitory cases (most of them informal epithets), working out their tentative typology (eponyms derived from artificial proper names, eponyms with reinterpreted underlying items, and eponyms with double underlying items), and substantiating it with evidence drawn from Ukrainian, Polish, English, and other languages. Finally, he discusses cases in which the reinterpretation of inner form components was influenced by their functioning in ideological and propagandist discourse.

A sociolinguistic study was conducted to investigate parental language attitudes as an indicator of local language ideologies among speakers of indigenous languages in the Russian Federation. The aim of this research is to identify and classify linguistic ideologies characteristic of parents with school-age children across several regions of Russia based on their views regarding the choice of instructional language, family's role in language transmission, and perceptions of state language policies. It highlights that within the multilingual context of the Russian Federation, there exists a tension between preserving ethno-linguistic diversity and ensuring civic integration, which is particularly evident in educational settings. Empirical data were collected through surveys administered in five republics of Russia (Chechen Republic, Sakha Republic (Yakutia), Tyva Republic, Kalmykia Republic, Karelia Republic) during 2022–2023. Data analysis employed qualitative content analysis methods. Findings revealed predominant preferences for Russian as a tool for social mobility while simultaneously acknowledging the symbolic value of native tongues. Institutional bilingual models are identified in some areas, whereas other regions exhibit trends toward latent assimilation. A notable example of harmonious bilingualism is observed in the Sakha Republic (Yakutia).