Instituto Geológico

Este artículo ofrece una pequeña contribución a la catequesis que quiere ser fuente de transformación de la vida para hacer auténticos “hombres de fe” (Hb 10,39). No basta con exponer el contenido de la fe, aun ortodoxamente, pues éste es solamente uno de los elementos de la fe; sino que es preciso alimentar el otro elemento, la actitud creyente ante el Dios vivo, ante las Personas divinas que se revelan y se hacen presentes. La fe católica no es sólo creer –saber– que algo es verdad porque lo afirma Cristo, sino también y sobre todo lo que significa la expresión que usamos en el Credo: creer en –no creer que ni creer a– las Personas divinas, conocerlas amorosamente, reconocerlas presentes actuando en nuestra vida. La catequesis, en nuestra opinión, debe tener todo esto en cuenta para ser realmente mistagógica.

Os lineamentos analisados neste trabalho são referentes à uma área situada na região Noroeste do Estado do Ceará, que abrange parte dos municípios de Cariré, Pacujá, Graça e Reriutaba. O foco deste trabalho é a identificação de lineamentos estruturais negativos a partir de produtos de sensoriamento remoto. O objetivo é promover uma análise comparativa dos lineamentos extraídos em diferentes produtos de sensoriamento remoto. A extração dos lineamentos consistiu na identificação de lineamentos relacionados à tectônica rúptil, com base na rede de drenagem, utilizando produtos derivados de modelos digitais de elevação e imagens ópticas diferentes e processados em épocas distintas: SRTM (pré-processado no Projeto Topodata) com imagens Landsat 7 ETM+, em 2014 e Copernicus DEM com imagens da câmera WPM do satélite CBERS 04, em 2023. Para a mesma área, foram extraídos nos anos de 2014 e 2023, respectivamente, 214 e 241 lineamentos, com diferentes distribuições de frequências de direções azimutais evidenciadas por meio dos diagramas de roseta. O aumento quantitativo de lineamentos extraídos e as diferenças nas direções indicadas pelo diagrama de roseta estão relacionados à melhor qualidade dos produtos de sensoriamento remoto utilizados na identificação dos lineamentos em 2023.

ABSTRACT We present an overview of the unprecedent hydrological event that occurred in Rio Grande do Sul state in late April and early May 2024, causing floods and landslides in a scale that was not seen before in Brazil. The rainfall that caused the disaster is incomparable to any recent event in Brazil at large spatial and temporal scale. The intense and long-lasting precipitation led to record floods from small rivers with drainage areas below 1000 km2 to the Patos Lagoon, which drains more than 180,000 km2. The rainfall also led to landslides that rank first in Brazil in terms of spatial scale and number of occurrences. Mountain rivers experienced flash floods with extreme water levels, while in the lowlands the large rivers and the Patos Lagoon experienced long duration flooding, with stage remaining high for about 30 days. The flood event is probably ranked first in terms of displaced people and damage to property and infrastructure in Brazil. Almost 200 fatalities occurred due to the disaster and protection structure failures. The April-May hydrological event show a glimpse of what can be expected along the coming decades due to climate change in a region that covers South Brazil, and parts of the neighboring countries.

In late 2023, the Amazon River Basin experienced its most extreme drought, putting its population and ecosystem at major risks. Gauges that were still functioning measured the lowest river water levels (RWL) on record. Here, satellite observations, including Surface Water Ocean Topography (SWOT), reveal the spread and timing of extremely low RWL across the entire river system. Nadir altimeter observations show that the 2023 minimum RWL in Central Amazon were more than 3 m below their annual average, representing two to three times its mean variability. Additionally, SWOT enables the first basin-scale characterization of the reduction in RWL with a spatial resolution of 200 m and how it propagates with time. Large-scale evaluation with gauges suggest that SWOT outperforms classical altimetry in estimating RWL, even if observed biases need further investigations. SWOT offers a new opportunity to understand hydroclimatic extremes and their broad impacts on the environment of the Amazon.

Flood and drought processes are common events in any hydrological system. In some cases, due to natural or anthropogenic conditions, these events can occur in an extreme way, causing a great deal of damage to the population. In the Amazon region, the proximity of communities to watercourses and their high dependence on rivers for transportation make the population even more susceptible to extreme events such as floods. This article aims to demonstrate the evolution of the 2023 drought event in the Amazon Basin, which includes the Solimões-Amazonas, Negro, Purus, Madeira and Branco rivers, as well as portraying the climatic events that caused the severe event in the region and the role of hydrological monitoring in this context. This study analyzed the Amazon Basin technical reports on climate monitoring and also technical bulletins on hydrological monitoring in 2023 issued by the Geological Survey of Brazil.

Resumen En este trabajo se presentan los resultados de estudios experimentales realizados en pastas cerámicas con el objetivo de comprender las elecciones técnicas realizadas por los grupos cazadores-recolectores que habitaron el curso inferior del Río Colorado (transición pampeano-patagónica oriental) en los últimos 2000 años aP aproximadamente. A tal efecto, con la guía de ceramistas locales, se realizaron ensayos tanto en el campo como en el laboratorio, empleando materias primas (arcillas y arenas) obtenidas del área de estudio. Durante las tareas de campo se realizó el testeo inicial y la cocción de las materias primas, actividades que se repitieron en el laboratorio. A esto se agregó una batería de estudios arqueométricos (e.g., petrografías, DRX, FTIR, SEM-EDAX) cuyos resultados fueron comparados con la información arqueológica del área. En este sentido, la composición de las materias primas, las temperaturas y condiciones de quema, así como los patrones tecnológicos de las pastas experimentales, son concordantes con las registradas en las cerámicas arqueológicas. La integración de estos datos indicaría la producción preponderantemente local de las vasijas como también la transmisión de una práctica alfarera a lo largo del Holoceno tardío.

A Campanha da Fraternidade 2024, cujo tema é "Fraternidade e Amizade Social", o lema: “Vós sois todos irmãos e irmãs”, retirado do Evangelho de Mateus, capítulo 23, versículo 8 e destaca a amizade social como um princípio fundamental para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa e solidária. O texto representa mais um capítulo importante na trajetória da Igreja Católica no Brasil ao abordar questões cruciais para a construção de uma sociedade mais justa, solidária e inclusiva. Explora como a prática da escuta ativa desempenha um papel crucial na promoção da amizade social e na capacidade de reconhecer os sinais dos tempos, adaptando-se aos desafios em constante evolução da sociedade. O artigo em questão analisa a importância do ensinamento social da Igreja e os passos inspiradores de Francisco com a Encíclica Fratelli Tutti que culminaram com o documento do Texto base da CF 2024 para a vida em comunidade, enfatizando a importância da fraternidade e da solidariedade. Buscar-se-á, neste texto, analisar a importância da amizade social como princípio fundamental para a construção de uma comunidade mais justa e unida. Analisar-se-á como a escuta ativa desempenha um papel crucial na promoção da amizade social e como essa prática nos permite reconhecer os sinais dos tempos, adaptando-nos aos desafios e demandas de nossa sociedade em constante mudança. Ao fazer isso, buscamos lançar luz sobre a Campanha da Fraternidade de 2024 e seus ensinamentos inspiradores para a vida em comunidade.

In recent years, the coffee market has experienced remarkable growth, driven by its expansion and production on a global scale. South America, in particular, stands out as one of the main coffee-producing regions, led by Brazil, and is also the largest exporter of this agricultural commodity. Furthermore, it is relevant to emphasize that coffee is one of the most widely consumed beverages worldwide, attracting an increasingly discerning consumer audience regarding product quality. An essential element in the process of transforming green coffee beans into an aromatic and flavorful cup of coffee is the roasting stage. This operation plays a fundamental role in creating the distinctive flavors and aromas found in the final beverage. In this context, the purpose of this study was to investigate the complexity of roasting by conducting a thorough analysis of the physicochemical and sensory changes that occur during this process. For this purpose, six different roasting profiles were employed, where temperature and roasting time were carefully considered and adjusted. The results unveiled intriguing information. It was found that the highest levels of total phenolics, compounds endowed with beneficial antioxidant properties for health, were identified in coffees subjected to specific temperatures, such as 135 °C/20.20 min and 210 °C/9.02 min. These findings not only provide valuable insight into the nutritional profile of roasted coffee but also emphasize the influence of different roasting profiles on these characteristics. Surprisingly, C. canephora, known for its more robust and full-bodied character, exhibited superior antioxidant activity compared to C. arabica in many of the evaluated roasting profiles. This finding may redefine the traditional view that C. arabica always surpasses C. canephora in terms of quality. The results showed that roasting profiles, as well as the species, strongly influenced all investigated parameters, particularly the concentration of sugars, organic acids, and melanoidins. Succinic acid was the organic compound with the highest concentrations, with the highest concentration observed in C. canephora at 210 °C/11.01 min (224.24 mg/g), with the highest concentrations of organic acids found in this same roasting profile and species (430.39 mg/g). Fructose was the sugar with the highest concentration, particularly in the 210 °C/11.01 min roast, which exhibited 17.14 mg/g. The highest melanoidin content was also found in this same roasting profile and species. Sensory evaluation, conducted by both experts and consumers, has revealed significant differences in flavor, aroma, and overall quality properties among coffee varieties and various roasting profiles. C. arabica has received higher ratings compared to C. canephora, particularly with better scores for roasting profiles at 135 °C/20.20 min and 230 °C/17.43 min. These conclusions offer a deeper understanding of the nuances present in the roasting process and its impact on the coffee experience for enthusiasts of this beverage. Therefore, as we delve deeper into the coffee market, it becomes evident that roasting represents an operation that not only transforms the beans but also influences flavor, nutritional value, and consumer perception. Keywords: Coffea arabica L. Coffea canephora. Roasting. Chemical composition. Coffee quality.

Este capítulo trata dos depósitos hidrotermais de sulfetos metálicos no fundo dos oceanos a partir de uma revisão da literatura. O foco desta revisão está no processo de formação dos depósitos em diferentes ambientes geológicos, métodos de investigação e importância das jazidas minerais. A revisão cobre ainda aspectos sobre a biodiversidade em torno dos sítios hidrotermais e os prováveis impactos ambientais na prospecção mineral empregando novas técnicas de extração mineral em oceano profundo. Palavras-chave: depósitos hidrotermais, sulfetos metálicos, fundo oceânico. Abstract This chapter deals with the hydrothermal deposits of metallic sulfides on the ocean floor from a literature review. This review focuses on the formation process of deposits in different geological environments, investigation methods, and the importance of mineral deposits. The review also covers aspects of biodiversity around hydrothermal sites and the likely environmental impacts on mineral prospecting using new deep ocean mineral extraction techniques. Keywords: hydrothermal deposits, metallic sulfides, ocean bottom.

SUMARIO: 1. Introducción. -2. Pío X: "Papa Sarto, Papa Santo". 2.1. Caracteres de su pontificado. 2.2. De la fama de santidad al proceso de canonización. 2.3. Hacia la gloria de los altares. 2.4. Su memoria. -3. Los pontificados de Benedicto XV y Pío XI. -4. Pío XII: una figura hierática y los "silencios" del vicario. -5. Estado de causa de beatificación de Pío XII. -6. El lento reconocimiento de la santidad del "papa bueno". -7. Y, ¿el papa Montini?. -8. El breve pontificado de Juan Pablo I. -9. El caso excepcional del papa