- Research Article
- 10.1016/j.aftran.2025.100059
Analyzing the spatial and temporal variation of bus service quality in Maputo metropolitan area, Mozambique
- Jan 01, 2025
- African Transport Studies
- Classio Joao Mendiate + 4 more +4
Publications from 2021 to 2026
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Analyzing the spatial and temporal variation of bus service quality in Maputo metropolitan area, Mozambique
Estudio de la influencia de los diferentes parámetros involucrados en la microencapsulación mediante coacervación compleja
In 1931, the first research work related to microencapsulation was published, in which a microcapsule formation technology using gelatine as a wall material was described by a process called "coacervation". The interest in this technology is based on the possibility of avoiding the degradation of the physicochemical and biological properties of substances exposed to conditions that are harmful by means of packing it under a polymeric wall, that can be of different thicknesses or characteristics, thus allowing to control the release of the microencapsulated substance. In this thesis the manufacture of microcapsules of aromas by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic as wall material is proposed. The process is based on 5 stages: Dissolution of gelatin and gum in the aqueous phase, microemulsion of the aroma in the aqueous phase in presence or absence of a surfactant, coacervation of the gelatin and gum, gelation of the coacervate forming the wall of the capsule and the crosslinking of the wall material by a crosslinking agent. Initially, the research will focus on the development of a complex coacervation microencapsulation protocol that encapsulates much of the aroma of the system, obtaining relatively spherical microcapsules. The microemulsion stage has the greatest influence on the final efficiency of the encapsulation and, therefore, this is the stage that has focused most interest in recent years. The interfacial phenomena linked to this process determine the particle size, the stability of the emulsion and the interaction of the components of the system at the oil-water interface, in this case, gelatin, gum and the possible surfactants present. This is why a part of the present thesis will focus on the study of the influence of different surfactants (SMA, SDS and Kolliphor®) on the morphology of the microcapsules and the efficiency of encapsulation. The last part will focus on the study of the crosslinking process. Typically, microcapsules formed by complex coacervation using gelatin and gum arabic as wall materials have been cross-linked with glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde, substances with high toxicity. That is why recent studies have attempted to replace these aldehydes with the enzyme transglutaminase. To confirm whether transglutaminase is an option comparable to glutaraldehyde or formaldehyde, a study of the kinetics of cross-linking of the microcapsule wall will be carried out, obtaining the equations that regulate this process depending on the type of cross-linking agent studied. En 1931 se publicó el primer trabajo de investigación referido a la microencapsulación en el que se describía una tecnología de formación de microcápsulas utilizando gelatina como material de pared mediante un proceso que se denominó “coacervación”. El interés en esta tecnología se basa en la posibilidad de evitar la degradación de las propiedades físicoquímicas y biológicas de sustancias expuestas a condiciones que le son perjudiciales mediante su empaquetamiento bajo una pared polimérica que puede ser de diferentes espesores o características permitiendo controlar así la liberación de la sustancia microencapsulada. En esta tesis se plantea la fabricación de microcápsulas de aromas mediante coacervación compleja utilizando como material de pared gelatina y goma arábiga. El proceso se basa en 5 etapas: Disolución de la gelatina y la goma en la fase acuosa, microemulsión del aroma en la fase acuosa en presencia o no de un tensioactivo, coacervación de la gelatina y la goma, gelación del coacervado formando la pared de la cápsula y la reticulación del material de pared mediante un agente reticulante. Inicialmente, la investigación se centrará en el desarrollo de un protocolo de microencapsulación por coacervación compleja que permita encapsular gran parte del aroma del sistema obteniendo microcápsulas relativamente esféricas. La etapa de microemulsión es la que mayor influencia tiene sobre la eficiencia final de la encapsulación y, por tanto, es la etapa que mayor interés ha centrado en los últimos años. Los fenómenos de interfase ligados a este proceso determinan el tamaño de partícula, la estabilidad de la emulsión y la interacción en la interfase aceite-agua de los componentes del sistema, en este caso, gelatina, goma y los posibles tensioactivos presentes. Es por esto que una parte de la presente tesis se centrará en el estudio de la influencia de diferentes tensioactivos (SMA, SDS y Kolliphor®) en la morfología de las microcápsulas y la eficiencia de encapsulación. La última parte se focalizará en el estudio del proceso de reticulación. Típicamente, las microcápsulas formadas mediante coacervación compleja usando gelatina y goma arábiga como materiales de pared se han reticulado con glutaraldehído o formaldehído, sustancias con una alta toxicidad. Es por ello que estudios recientes han intentado la sustitución de estos aldehídos por la enzima transglutaminasa. Para confirmar si la transglutaminasa es una opción comparable al glutaraldehído o formaldehído se llevará a cabo un estudio de la cinética de reticulación de la pared de la microcápsula obteniendo las ecuaciones que regulan este proceso en función del tipo de agente reticulante estudiado.
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The objective of this work was to test the existence of a trade-off between supervision and wages in a metal mechanical firm in Southern Brazil. The methodology used to assess the effects on productivity and the worker efficiency was the differences-in-differences estimator. Evaluating the results, it was found that with increased supervision, there was an increase in productivity ranging between 13.5% and 26.8%. Therefore, with increased productivity, the company has to choose between increasing the level of supervision, at a cost of US$ 624.98 or practicing efficiency wages at a cost of US$ 2,907.72.
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Elite sports performance fundamentally relies on a complex set of brain functions engaged once visual signals are relayed from the eye. In this review, we overview a series of these neural mechanisms-focusing specifically on the critical role of attention in sculpting the visual processing that takes place leading up to a decision. These brain functions are introduced within the theoretical concept of the 'Perception-Action Cycle.' Vision does not stop at the eye but requires a coordinated set of brain mechanisms called on to convert visual input into rapid decisions about action.
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