Integral University

The transformation of a normal cell state to malignant cell is a multifactorial process, as cancer is a complex network of diseases. There are various types of cancer, each with its own underlying mechanisms and symptoms. The rise in modernization has significantly limited the mobility and has also altered the diets, leading to an increased rate of cancer mortality worldwide. The treatment options in cancer therapy, such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy, result in compromising the well-being of patients with cancer. Nanoformulation has emerged as convincing tools in cancer drug delivery. In order to gather pertinent information on Nanoformulations in Cancer Patents and Clinical Trials from the year 2000 to 2026, the majority of the electronic databases including Google Scholar, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed/MEDLINE were searched. The key benefits of nanoformulation lie in their ability to enhance the water solubility of drugs, thereby overcoming the limitations of traditional drug formulations. The nanoformulation facilitates efficiency and enhances therapeutic efficacy. The perfection portrayed by nanoformulation in carrying the therapeutics with better performance. This article provides comprehensive details on nanoformulation-based patents and clinical trials of various cancer conditions and draws attention to novel formulation of drugs that has been designed to target specific diseases. The article will likely discuss the outcomes of the clinical trials that evaluated the effectiveness of the formulations. The current nanoformulation-based therapies can be a potential source to address the unmet medical needs that advance the patient outcomes.

The distinguishing number is an important invariant used to measure the extent to which symmetries of graphs and permutation group actions can be broken by vertex labelings. In this paper, we investigate distinguishing labelings arising from permutation group actions with particular emphasis on Cartesian power constructions and wreath product actions. We establish structural bounds for distinguishing numbers in terms of orbit structure, stabilizers, and base size of permutation groups. Furthermore, we analyze the behavior of distinguishing numbers under Cartesian powers of sets and derive bounds for wreath product actions of the form G ≀ Sm acting on Xm.

The liver plays a vital role in regulating normal physiological processes in the body. Liver dysfunction can lead to mild to severe pathological conditions and, in some cases, death. To date, more than 900 drugs, toxins, and herbs have been identified with the potential to cause various liver diseases, including acute liver damage, cholestatic jaundice, hepatic granulomas, active chronic hepatitis, and hepatic tumors. A wide range of liver dysfunction results from drug consumption and is referred to as drug-induced liver injury (DILI). DILI significantly contributes to the immediate withdrawal of drugs from the mar-ket. Due to its numerous advantages, the oral route has long been the preferred method of drug administration, although these medicines increase the risk of liver damage. Novel drug delivery approaches, such as the lymphatic drug delivery system and lipid-based nanofor-mulations-including solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) and nanostructured lipid carriers-can bypass the liver, reducing the toxic effects of various drugs. Therefore, SLNs represent a promising strategy for lymphatic drug delivery, particularly for hepatocompromised pa-tients and those taking hepatotoxic drugs. This review summarizes how lymphatic drug delivery systems and lipid-based nanoformulations can benefit hepatocompromised pa-tients and individuals on hepatotoxic medications.

Objective: The study of prescription patterns of antibiotics, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), and anti-ulcer drugs is crucial, as these combinations are widely used in managing diseases with overlapping needs. In infections with inflammatory components, these drugs treat infection, pain, and inflammation. Post-surgical care uses them to prevent infections, manage pain, and reduce NSAID-induced gastrointestinal risks. In chronic conditions like arthritis, long-term NSAIDs and infections require anti-ulcer drugs to prevent complications. Studying these patterns ensures rational use and minimizes risks. Analyzing these patterns ensures rational use, minimizes adverse effects, and optimizes therapeutic outcomes. Material and Methods: One hundred prescriptions were analyzed, documenting patient demographics, diagnosis, drug regimens, and prescribing patterns within 6 months. Result: Among 29 antibiotics, 71% were prescribed in combination therapy, with 64.98% via the intravenous (IV) route. Ceftriaxone 1000 mg was the most common dose (65%) and the most prescribed antibiotic (37.57%). Seven NSAIDs were mainly prescribed as monotherapy (79%) and orally (89.06%), with paracetamol, 650mg, being the most common (39.84%). Eight anti-ulcer drugs were mostly monotherapy (89%), often IV for proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) (67.77%), with pantoprazole the most common (80.49%).Conclusion: The study identified a predominance of male patients (41-50 years). Combination therapy and brand-name prescriptions were frequent for antibiotics, while NSAIDs and anti-ulcer drugs favoured monotherapy and brand names. IV administration was prevalent for antibiotics and anti-ulcer drugs, contrasting with oral NSAID administration. Ceftriaxone, paracetamol, and pantoprazole emerged as the most prescribed drugs in their respective categories.

Liposomes are artificially constructed, phospholipid-based vesicular systems that have emerged as vital components in pharmaceutical nanotechnology and advanced drug delivery. Their flexible bilayered structure enables the encapsulation of a broad spectrum of therapeutic agents, enhancing drug stability and bioavailability. Since their discovery, liposomes have been widely explored as efficient drug carriers and diagnostic tools due to their superior capacity to deliver active pharmaceutical ingredients precisely to target sites. Their inherent advantages including high biocompatibility, the enhanced permeability and retention effect for passive tumor targeting, customizable surface modification for improved targeting efficiency, and enhanced physicochemical stability collectively position them as promising nanocarriers for cancer therapy and other biomedical applications. Liposomes, as synthetic nanoscale vesicles, offer significant promise for immunotherapeutic interventions due to their capability to codeliver antigens and adjuvants while modulating immune cell behavior. Specialized formulations such as immunoliposomes, virosomes, and other immunostimulatory complexes engineered with specific ligands or immune active moieties exhibit unique structural and functional profiles that enhance anticancer immune responses. Furthermore, liposomes facilitate targeted cargo delivery to immune cells, influencing their phenotype and functional activity. This review presents an integrated overview of liposomal composition, structural attributes, mechanisms of drug delivery, therapeutic applications, and clinical progress. The use of liposomes in delivering small molecules, macromolecules, and nucleic acids has demonstrated significant advancements, underscoring their expanding role in modern therapeutics. Overall, this article provides a comprehensive and up-to-date examination of liposome technology and its clinical translational potential.

The study introduces an AI-enhanced Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) framework that integrates explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) and bias-mitigation techniques to improve transparency and comparability of sustainability assessments across sectors. Addressing the persistent gap in standardized ESG evaluation methods, the framework combines gradient-boosting models (XGBoost) with SHAP-based explainability and a human-in-the-loop (HITL) validation layer. The approach is demonstrated using ESG indicators for 18 firms across three industries from the banking, aviation, and chemical sectors between 2021 and 2023. Results indicate an average 12.4% improvement in ESG-score consistency and a 9% reduction in inter-sector variance relative to baseline traditional ESG evaluations. Fairness metrics (Disparate-Impact Ratio = 0.81–0.86) provide preliminary evidence of improved alignment across sectors. The findings provide preliminary evidence that XAI-driven frameworks can enhance the trustworthiness and regulatory compliance of ESG analytics, particularly under the EU AI Act and Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD). The framework contributes to both research and practice by operationalizing explainability, fairness, and human oversight within ESG analytics, thereby supporting more reliable and comparable sustainability reporting.

Freshwater ecosystems face unprecedented threats from nanoplastic pollution, with particles smaller than 1000 nm emerging as a critical contaminant class capable of disrupting fundamental biological processes. This review examines how nanoplastics interfere with chemical communication systems in planktonic communities, including key groups such as copepods, Daphnia, rotifers, phytoplankton, and ciliates, which form the foundation of aquatic food webs. Plankton rely on infochemicals including pheromones, kairomones, and allelochemicals for essential processes such as mate recognition, predator detection, and resource competition. Nanoplastic disrupt these "invisible languages" through multiple mechanisms: physical adsorption of signalling molecules, alteration of chemical gradients, vectorial transport of co-contaminants, and direct biological effects, including oxidative stress and cellular damage. These disruptions impair mate location, misdirect defence strategies, create energetic trade-offs, and generate multigenerational impacts that persist across generations. The consequences cascade through entire ecosystems, triggering trophic disruptions, biodiversity loss, and the emergence of "silent chaos" environments where organisms can no longer effectively communicate or coordinate responses to environmental challenges. Current evidence indicates widespread and persistent nanoplastic contamination in freshwater systems, with particles bioaccumulating across food webs for decades. Major knowledge gaps remain regarding long-term multigenerational effects, species-specific sensitivities, and interactions with co-occurring stressors such as temperature shifts and chemical pollutants. Addressing these challenges will require targeted mechanistic research, improved monitoring frameworks, stricter regulation of primary nanoplastics, advances in wastewater treatment, and policy actions that explicitly consider the protection of chemical communication pathways essential for freshwater ecosystem stability.