International Association for K-12 Online Learning

During the coronavirus crisis, labs had to be offered in digital form in mechanical engineering at short notice. For this purpose, digital twins of more complex test benches in the field of fluid energy machines were used in the mechanical engineering course, with which the students were able to interact remotely to obtain measurement data. The concept of the respective lab was revised with regard to its implementation as a remote laboratory. Fortunately, real-world labs were able to be fully replaced by remote labs. Student perceptions of remote labs were mostly positive. This paper explains the concept and design of the digital twins and the lab as well as the layout, procedure, and finally the results of the accompanying evaluation. However, the implementation of the digital twins to date does not yet include features that address the tactile experience of working in real-world labs.

Discussions of rural America often summon images of pastoral farmland, country roads, and close-knit communities; this vision offers a sharp contrast to contemporary perspectives of rural America, which highlight unemployment, entrenched poverty, economic decline, and geophysical isolation. However, both narratives share one characteristic: the belief that a high-quality education can open a world of opportunities for rural children. This chapter fills an existing gap in research by documenting successful practices of digital learning to support students, teachers, and families in rural education settings. A qualitative study identified the challenges faced by rural schools and then explored the digital learning strategies used to meet these challenges. Across the country, innovative practitioners are expanding Internet access, addressing teacher shortages, and increasing course offerings, which has in turn contributed to the academic achievement and future prosperity of today's rural students.

e aborda a teoria evolutiva e conceitos da seleo natural para estudantes do Ensino Fundamental. Reflete-se, aqui, sobre a importncia e o potencial de se aplicar metodologias ldicas de aprendizagem e o auxlio de colees biolgicas para o entendimento de conceitos evolutivos, desde o Ensino Fundamental. O roteiro desta oficina se dividiu em parte terica, com a exposio e manuseio dos exemplares da Coleo Didtica de Zoologia, e em parte prtica, com o uso de brincadeiras e provas para simular alguns conceitos que levam

Although mandatory attendance is easily determined in a traditional, brick-and-mortar school, monitoring and enforcing attendance and truancy in an online environment is less obvious. Despite this challenge, virtual schools, especially those that are publicly funded, have a requirement to ensure that students who are enrolled are actually logging on, completing lessons, and “attending” classes in an online setting. This article describes how attendance and truancy laws apply to online students and explores the notion of cyber-truancy. Within the context of Minnesota Virtual High School, one of the first schools to develop online attendance policies, we explore the impact and significance of enforcing cyber-truancy policy.

Although online learning in American higher education is growing rapidly, online degree and certificate programs are usually either general or career‐oriented. Notably lacking are fully online bachelor degree programs in the traditional liberal “arts and sciences” disciplines; a recent research inquiry found only a very few such programs are currently available. The availability of fully online degree programs is important for providing maximum access to education for geographically dispersed, highly mobile, and other learners. Available programs in liberal arts disciplines may also be an indicator of online learning as a well‐regarded degree pathway. There may be several possible explanations for the current lack of these programs, such as lack of market demand, logistical obstacles, and greater focus on blended learning delivery approaches. Despite current obstacles, rising demand for online courses, increased partnership ventures, and other factors suggest an emerging market which will result in greater future availability for such programs.

Abstract Corrosion is one of the major problems in boiler condensate systems. Inadequate corrosion protection or chemical treatment programs can result in system failures and increasing boiler operation cost. The causes of corrosion as well as corrosion monitoring in boiler condensate systems are reviewed. Various water treatment technologies for condensate corrosion inhibition are highlighted.

Abstract Operators of steam generation facilities often rely on inhibitors such as neutralizing amines to provide corrosion protection to their systems. Typically, the dosage of these inhibitors is adjusted to maintain a condensate pH within the optimum range to minimize corrosion. Recent concerns over environmental health, safety, and liability issues have spurred interest in knowing the actual concentrations of these inhibitors in steam systems. A novel technique has been developed that allows detection of neutralizing amines using a fluorescence-based method. The monitor was tested in the laboratory where it was shown to provide accurate, continuous determination of amine concentration as compared to other methods used on discrete samples. The technique was then used for real-time measurement of neutralizing amine concentrations in a condensed stream at a cogeneration facility.

A new electrochemical method capable of in situ, time-resolved determination of mild steel underdeposit corrosion rates was developed. Monitors suitable for laboratory study and field applications were built and tested. Results showed the method could be used to determine metal corrosion rates under tubercles in the presence of commonly used cooling water treatment chemistries accurately and reliably. Using the monitors, treatment performance with respect to localized corrosion of mild steel could be demonstrated quantitatively.

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The effect of dissolved ozone on the corrosion of mild steel, copper (Cu), 90 Cu-10 Ni (nickel), 70 Cu-30 Ni, and admiralty in typical cooling tower waters with different solute contents was studied using electrochemical techniques. Results showed ozone at typical usage (0.1 to 0.2 mg/L) had no significant effect on the anodic passivation of mild steel. In general, corrosion in the presence of ozone was dictated by water chemistry. In supersaturated solution, general corrosion was suppressed by a layer of insulating mineral scale on the surface, regardless of the presence of ozone. In some solutions, however, high localized corrosion rates were observed both when ozone was present and when ozone was absent. In solution with low levels of Ca2+ and HCO3–, corrosion rates much higher than industry standard were observed with or without ozone. In a non-scaling, medium hardness water, ozone generally increased the corrosion rates of all yellow metals, especially at high concentration or under conditions with high mass transfer rate. The presence of 1 mg/L ozone had the greatest corrosive effect on Cu, with lesser effects on 90 Cu-10 Ni and 70 Cu-30 Ni and even less effects on admiralty.