International Criminal Police Organization

Izazovi suvremenog društva i odgovor policije na zahtjeve koje svakodnevno pred njih postavljaju građani traže nove modele rada koji će učinkovito pridonijeti osjećaju i stanju sigurnosti građana. U ovom radu daje se pregled obavještajno vođene policijske djelatnosti i policijskog rada u zajednici kao modela koji mogu odgovoriti na suvremene zahtjeve potrebne razine učinkovitosti policije. Iako su takvi modeli rada prisutni više desetljeća diljem suvremenih demokratskih država, na našem prostoru konkretnije promjene i primjena počinju početkom 2000-tih. Glavna karakteristika obaju modela jest proaktivan pristup koji naglasak stavlja na prevenciju, za razliku od reaktivnog i represivnog modela rada koji se bavi posljedicama, a sve s ciljem uravnoteženja reaktivno-intervencijskog rada koji znatno obilježava rad policije te proaktivno-preventivnog pristupa sprječavanja i otkrivanja kriminaliteta i drugih oblika devijantnog ponašanja. Nakon uvoda u radu se pobliže objašnjava model obavještajno vođene policijske djelatnosti, a koja proizlazi iz kriminalističko obavještajne djelatnosti gdje do izražaja dolazi upravljanje podacima i informacijama. Na to se nadovezujemo opisom modela policije u zajednici, gdje su kontakt-policajci, ali i redovne ophodnje važni čimbenici uspješnosti programa prevencije i proaktivnog pristupa koji čine okosnicu obaju modela rada. Kako bi sve to bilo učinkovito i primjenjivo, potrebna je nova paradigma u upravljanju. Na kraju se skreće pozornost na važnu ulogu jedinica lokalne samouprave koje su, svaka za sebe, određene lokalnim specifičnostima, a policiji predstavljaju izazov da odgovori na zahtjeve te specifičnosti u odnosu na svoj centralizirani sustav.

The problem of optimizing the level of crime is one of the urgent problems facing domestic and foreign criminology. The relevance of this problem is due to the fact that crime is a phenomenon that causes enormous damage to society, which, on the one hand, reduces the income of the population, and on the other hand, requires certain expenses for the maintenance of the law enforcement system to prevent it, which leads to an increase in the social costs of society. The purpose of the study is to determine to what extent certain postulates of the "economic theory of crimes and punishments" proposed by scientists - economists can be used in order to optimize the level of crime. The subject of research in this article are the features and patterns of criminal and law enforcement activities, the knowledge of which allows us to conclude that there are or are no problems when using certain postulates of the "economic theory of crimes and punishments" to optimize the level of crime Methodology and methods. In the course of the study, an analysis was made of the possibilities of using certain postulates of the "economic theory of crimes and punishments" in order to optimize the level of crime. The implementation of this kind of analysis involves the use of a number of research methods, which include: the method of modeling the behavior of a criminal; a method of testing models of economic postulates of the economic theory of crimes and punishments in specific situations, followed by the formulation of conclusions about the validity or inconsistency of these models, including the use of mathematical and statistical research methods. At the same time, mathematical and statistical research methods were used to determine the level of detection of crimes, as well as to analyze the dependence of the costs of law enforcement and the actual level of crime. Research results and their scientific novelty. The study found that in a number of cases the postulates of the economic theory of crimes and punishments do not adequately reflect the existing socio-legal reality. The reason for this is the presence of dubious postulates underlying this or that model of criminal and law enforcement activities. Among such dubious postulates are the following postulates: the postulate that the behavior of the criminal is rational In reality, the behavior of the criminal is not always rational; 2 the postulate that the level of crime is inversely proportional to the magnitude of the costs of law enforcement (in other words, the higher the costs of law enforcement, the lower the level of crime, in reality, in some cases this is far from an obvious fact; 3 the damage from organized crime is always lower than the damage from unorganized crime, since the level of organized crime is allegedly lower than the level of unorganized crime, which is also far from obvious. Based on the analysis of individual postulates of the economic theory of crimes and punishments, it was concluded that the use of these postulates does not always lead to optimization the level of crime, because these postulates do not always adequately reflect the legal reality.

Examination of thermaldecomposition of street samples of cocaineand methamphetamine shows that typical products detected in previousstudies are accompanied by a wide palette of simple volatile compoundseasily detectable by spectral techniques. These molecules increasesmoke toxicity and their spectral detection can be potentially usedfor identification of drug samples by well-controlled laboratory thermolysisin temperature progression. In our study, street samples of cocaineand methamphetamine have been thermolyzed under vacuum over the temperaturerange of 350–650 °C. The volatile products (CO, HCN, CH4, C2H4, etc.) have been monitored byhigh-resolution Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry inthis temperature range. The decomposition mechanism has been additionallyexamined theoretically by quantum-chemical calculations for the highesttemperature achieved experimentally in our study and beyond. Priorto analysis, the street samples have also been characterized by FTIR,Raman spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and meltingpoint determination.

This meeting report presents the key findings and discussion points of a 1-day meeting entitled ‘Fake anti-malarials: start with the facts’ held on 28th May 2015, in Geneva, Switzerland, to disseminate the findings of the artemisinin combination therapy consortium’s drug quality programme. The teams purchased over 10,000 samples, using representative sampling approaches, from six malaria endemic countries: Equatorial Guinea (Bioko Island), Cambodia, Ghana, Nigeria, Rwanda and Tanzania. Laboratory analyses of these samples showed that falsified anti-malarials (<8 %) were found in just two of the countries, whilst substandard artemisinin-based combinations were present in all six countries and, artemisinin-based monotherapy tablets are still available in some places despite the fact that the WHO has urged regulatory authorities in malaria-endemic countries to take measures to halt the production and marketing of these oral monotherapies since 2007. This report summarizes the presentations that reviewed the public health impact of falsified and substandard drugs, sampling strategies, techniques for drug quality analysis, approaches to strengthen health systems capacity for the surveillance of drug quality, and the ensuing discussion points from the dissemination meeting.