International Culture University

This research explores whether Simon Anholt’s nation branding hexagon model is suitable for Pakistan to engage in music diplomacy. The theoretical framework involves the theories of Simon Anholt who divided the nation brand into six touchstones – tourism, exports, governance, investment & immigration, culture & heritage, and people. This model can be used by countries to understand the nation’s brands and apply the right changes that can help in enhancing the nation’s brands. Since Pakistan has a long and rich history of music, diplomacy using music can enable the country to take its culture to other nations and foster cooperation. The article examines each of the dimensions within Anholt’s hexagon with reference to Pakistan’s cultural diplomacy goals. Qualitative research method is employed for analyzing the nature and potential of Pakistan’s music, and how it can be effectively employed in the context of Anholt’s framework for enhancing the nation brand and soft power. Based on the observations, certain recommendations are made for the effective application of Simon Anholt’s nation branding model for Pakistan’s music diplomacy. This research is an attempt to generate an academic discourse on this emerging field in Pakistan.

Purpose Based on the expectation disconfirmation theory (EDT) and the stressor-stress-outcome (SSO) model, failures of tourism livestreaming services are conceptualized in this study, and their impact on consumer disappointment, negative word-of-mouth and platform-switching behavior is investigated. Design/methodology/approach A mixed-methods approach was employed. First, 35 semi structured interviews were conducted to identify the dimensions of tourism livestreaming service failure. An online survey of 688 experienced tourism livestreaming consumers was subsequently analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) and an artificial neural network (ANN) to test the proposed theoretical model. Findings Study 1 identified four distinct service failure dimensions: informational, functional, systemic and interactional. Study 2 revealed that all four dimensions positively influence consumer disappointment, which in turn predicts switching behavior and negative word-of-mouth. The type of livestreaming platform was found to moderate these relationships. ANN analysis indicated that informational failure is the primary determinant of consumer disappointment, functional failure most strongly influences switching behavior and interactional failure is the most critical factor driving negative word-of-mouth. Practical implications The findings provide actionable insights for tourism livestreaming platform managers and tourism operators. These insights facilitate the development of targeted, platform-specific strategies to mitigate service failures, thereby reducing negative consumer responses. Originality/value This research establishes a validated, multidimensional service failure framework for the context of livestreaming in tourism and innovatively proposes interaction failure as a key dimension that highlights the critical impact of social interaction. By integrating EDT with the SSO model, this study delineates the causal path from cognitive appraisal to behavioral outcomes.

Background: Hysterectomy, a common gynecological procedure, often involves significant blood loss, making the choice of anesthesia crucial. This study examines the impact of regional versus general anesthesia on intraoperative blood loss and associated complications. To assess the efficacy of regional anesthesia in minimizing intraoperative blood loss and improving postoperative outcomes in hysterectomy patients. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Anaesthesia, Analgesia, and Intensive Care Medicine, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh, from July 2022 to June 2023. A total of 142 patients undergoing elective hysterectomy were included, with 71 receiving regional anesthesia and 71 receiving general anesthesia. Data on intraoperative blood loss, transfusion rates, and postoperative complications were analyzed. Results: Patients in the regional anesthesia group experienced significantly lower mean blood loss (410±65 ml) compared to the general anesthesia group (520±75 ml) (p<0.01). Transfusion was required for 17% of regional anesthesia patients versus 31% of those under general anesthesia (p=0.02). Postoperative nausea and vomiting were less frequent in the regional anesthesia group (7% vs 17%, p=0.03). Conclusion: Regional anesthesia significantly reduces intraoperative blood loss, transfusion needs, and postoperative complications during hysterectomy, promoting better surgical outcomes and patient satisfaction. These findings advocate for the wider adoption of regional anesthesia in elective hysterectomy.

Apart from tremor, primary clinical symptom of primary torsion dystonia (PTD) is dystonia. No history or evidence of neuronal degeneration or acquired origin are present. Out of the seven different loci reported for PTD, only two genes have been identified. This case is being presented with a diagnosis of PTD. The patient, an 8-year-old boy from non-consanguineous parents, had problem in walking for one year, mostly in his left leg and had trouble using his left hand to pick up objects. He had dystonia in the left upper and lower limbs, had intact sensory function with intact cranial nerve function. All his laboratory tests were normal including brain imaging; nevertheless, genetic testing revealed DYT1 was positive. BIRDEM Med J 2024; 14(3): 158-160

The digitalization of healthcare records in Bangladesh presents both opportunities and challenges, particularly concerning the security and protection of sensitive patient information. As electronic health records (EHRs) become increasingly prevalent, the threat of cyberattacks targeting medical data escalates, necessitating innovative solutions to fortify the country's healthcare cybersecurity infrastructure. This paper investigates the efficacy of self-learning artificial intelligence (AI) systems in safeguarding Bangladeshi medical records against cyber threats. The traditional methods of securing medical records, such as firewalls and antivirus software, are proving inadequate against the evolving tactics of cybercriminals. Bangladesh faces unique challenges in this regard, including limited resources, lack of cybersecurity awareness among healthcare professionals, technological fragmentation, and an increasingly sophisticated threat landscape. To address these challenges, there is a growing imperative to explore novel approaches that can adapt and evolve in real-time to counter emerging cyber threats. Self-learning AI systems represent a promising frontier in healthcare cybersecurity. By leveraging advanced machine learning algorithms, these systems can analyze vast amounts of data to detect patterns indicative of cyber threats. Unlike static security measures, self-learning AI continuously learns from new information and adjust their defense strategies, accordingly, enabling them to stay ahead of evolving threats. Key functionalities of self-learning AI include anomaly detection, threat prediction, and adaptive defense mechanisms, all of which are essential for safeguarding medical records in Bangladesh's healthcare landscape. The implications of integrating self-learning AI into Bangladesh's healthcare cybersecurity framework are significant. Not only can these technologies enhance the detection and prevention of cyber threats, but they can also alleviate resource constraints and technical challenges faced by healthcare organizations. However, successful implementation requires comprehensive training, adherence to data privacy regulations, and ongoing monitoring to ensure the effectiveness and reliability of AI-driven security measures. The protection of medical records is paramount as Bangladesh continues its digital transformation in healthcare. Self-learning AI offers a dynamic and proactive approach to cybersecurity, empowering healthcare organizations to mitigate risks and preserve patient privacy in an increasingly digitized landscape. Embracing these innovative technologies is crucial for building a resilient healthcare ecosystem that prioritizes data security and patient trust.

VLSI circuit testing is complex and costs over 30% of the total IC design. The built-in self-testing technique is popular for its extensive fault coverage and efficiency. BIST refers to a hardware device testing construction used to perform fault detection and improve the device's performance to ensure a fault- free environment to avoid causing damage within the device's lifetime. As ICs are getting more complex day by day, different BIST modules are needed to test different circuits, which increase complication in design. As a result, power consumption and clock cycle increase. This research introduces a new Built-in Self-Test (BIST) technique for VLSI circuits. To deal with the shortcomings of conventional techniques, a BIST technique is proposed, which can test the circuit's functionality and detect faults successfully. The proposed model has been implemented using 22nm PTM model by employing LTSpice simulation software. The proposed model decreases power consumption upto 47.54% in without fault, 45.34% in open circuit fault and 45.63% in short circuit fault conditions compared to conventional technique and reduces the input vectors which in turn minimizes design intricacy and ensures an improved and novel approach for self-testing compared to many other existing BIST techniques.

Yellow phosphorus (YP) containing rodenticides is a readily available poison that may be accidentally or deliberately ingested, leading to symptoms ranging from simple gastrointestinal symptoms to fulminant hepatic failure, depending on the amount ingested. As there is no specific antidote, the treatment requires early gastric lavage and institution of supportive measures such as acetyl cysteine infusion and Vitamin K. Progression to fulminant hepatic failure is characterized by rapid deterioration of liver function tests, worsening coagulopathy, and sensorium. The only definitive treatment at this stage is a liver transplant and therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) can serve as a bridge therapy until a compatible liver donor is found. We present a case of YP-containing rodenticide poisoning, in which the patient progressed to fulminant hepatic failure despite aggressive supportive therapy and was successfully managed with TPE until liver transplantation.

This article analyzes the impact of the English East India Company's the trade and revenue policy in the context of seventy-six Manantara (Great Famine).According to studies, the English East India Company's unanticipated acquisition of power and short-sighted revenue and trade policies wreaked havoc on Bengal's economy.The long-term drought of 1769 made matters worse in this predicament.The outcome was a devastating famine in Bengal in 1770 (Bengali 1176) that became known as 'Siattarer Manantara' or the Great Famine of Seventy-Six in history.According to the company government's calculations, about one-third of the people of Bengal died of hunger in this famine.Bengal's agriculture, trade and industry were all severely harmed.During the famine, however, the corporate government's irresponsible actions and harshness became particularly obvious.Even in times of famine, the levy of taxes was collected as in previous years, and the stockpiling of traders (most of whom were corporate officials and employees) made the situation unbearable.Analyzing the data shows that the English East India Company is a profiteering commercial organization.The company's irresponsible governance, Impact Of Englısh East Indıa Company's Revenue And Trade Polıcy In Bengal: In The Context Of The Great Famıne

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of Ivermectin in COVID 19 infection in terms of virus clearance and symptomatic improvement. Study design: Prospective Quasi experimental study Place and duration of study: Study was carried out in COVID treatment units of Services Institute of Medical Sciences and Bahria International Hospital COVID treatment centre from April 15, 2020 to November 30, 2020 Methodology: One hundred COVID19 confirmed patients for this study and divided into 2 groups. Both groups were given standard treatment including Oxygen, therapeutic anticoagulation and hydroxychloroquine therapies. Group-1 was given Ivermectin for 6 days and group 2 didn’t receive Ivermectin. Results: The significance value represented as p value (p=.825) was greater than the table value at 0.05 in all aspects, which shows that Ivermectin has no effect in improving PF ratio in COVID19 patients. Out of 50 only 4 patients who received Ivermectin got COVID19 PCR negative after 6 days but on the other hand 3 patients who did not receive Ivermectin also got their PCR negative after 6 days of treatment. Conclusion: Ivermectin does not seem to be effective in improvement of PF ratio and virus clearance in COVID19 patients. Keywords: SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, PF ratio, Ivermectin, Virus clearance, Anti-viral treatment, Viral clearance