International School of Management

Flooding remains one of the most pressing natural hazards worldwide, causing severe damage to lives, livelihoods, and infrastructure, particularly in developing countries (UNDRR, 2015; World Bank, 2017; IPCC, 2022). This study evaluated the implementation and effectiveness of the flood control program in Region XII, Philippines, through a qualitative case study design. Fifteen key stakeholders were purposively selected and interviewed using a semi-structured format, and data were analyzed thematically following Braun and Clarke’s (2006) approach. Findings revealed that the construction of flood control structures, such as dikes and drainage systems, served as the primary long-term strategy to mitigate flooding risks. Participants emphasized that these interventions enhanced community resilience, reflected in reduced flood-related displacements, longer-lasting infrastructure, and improved community preparedness in low-lying barangays—aligning with literature that highlights infrastructure’s role in reducing vulnerability (Dawson et al., 2011; Hallegatte et al., 2013). Effective implementation was attributed to comprehensive planning, consistent monitoring, and strong multi-sectoral collaboration among the Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD), National Irrigation Administration (NIA), and Local Government Units (LGUs), echoing prior studies that stress inter-agency cooperation in disaster risk reduction (Comfort et al., 2010; Tierney, 2014). Despite these achievements, challenges such as limited funding, weather-related project delays, and maintenance constraints were identified. The study recommends promoting Public-Private Partnerships (PPP) to ensure sustainable infrastructure development. Acknowledging its qualitative scope and regional focus, the study suggests further quantitative validation to strengthen generalizability.

Tourism plays a pivotal role in driving local economic growth, cultural preservation, and environmental sustainability, particularly in developing cities (UNWTO, 2022; Dela Cruz & Santos, 2020). This study evaluated the extent of implementation of tourism development strategies and the level of attainment of tourism development objectives in Cotabato City, Philippines. Guided by a descriptive quantitative research design, the study utilized a researcher-made survey instrument administered to 100 respondents, including key stakeholders, tourism personnel, and local government representatives. The assessment focused on four strategic components—policy formulation, fund support, and logistics—and three core objectives: promotion of tourism-related programs, ensuring the well-being of the Filipino people, and upholding the right to a balanced and healthy ecology. Findings revealed that tourism strategies were highly implemented, particularly in logistics (𝑀 = 3.46) and fund support (𝑀 = 3.46), while policy formulation received a moderate implementation rating (𝑀 = 3.38). In terms of objectives, all categories were rated highly, with the highest mean scores recorded in the protection of natural resources (𝑀 = 3.70) and cultural heritage (𝑀 = 3.59). These results align with the perspectives of Hall (2020) and Richards (2021), who emphasize that sustainable tourism thrives when cultural identity and environmental assets are prioritized. Nevertheless, specific indicators—such as the promotion of bayanihan spirit and provision of recreational spaces for families—garnered relatively lower scores, suggesting opportunities for targeted improvement. Overall, the findings indicate that Cotabato City has established a solid foundation for sustainable tourism development through consistent funding, cultural preservation, and environmental stewardship. The study recommends strengthening community-based participation, enhancing family-oriented facilities, and diversifying funding strategies to foster inclusive and resilient tourism growth, echoing global best practices in destination management (UNWTO, 2023; Dwyer & Kim, 2003).

Abstract Cooperatives follow principles such as limits in trading shares and democratic control that supposedly imply financial constraints. In fact, these limits make banks their main external sources of financing and raise specific issues about financial structure. This study proposes a principal/agent model to understand better how information asymmetry affects retained earnings and debt. Our findings are consistent with observations of the financial trends of US agricultural cooperatives for the period 2010–2020: dairy cooperatives have been able to finance growth via debt but with a more than proportional increase in unallocated retained earnings compared to allocated equity. Our model shows that retained earnings are not necessarily due to financial rationing but can be a contractual tool that allows cooperatives to finance their growth with debt, despite their specific ownership structure.

This article traces the major conceptual revolutions that have transformed financial analysis over the last century. Beginning with the introduction of the time value of money and culminating in the emergence of the Potential Payback Period (PPP), each shift reflects an evolving understanding of value, risk, behavior, and performance. These ten revolutions mark distinct turning points in the way academics, investors, and institutions approach asset valuation, portfolio construction, and investment decision-making. Their chronological and conceptual sequencing highlights the increasingly integrative, dynamic, and behavioral dimensions of modern finance.

ABSTRACT While there is a growing trend among luxury hotels to adopt and communicate sustainability practices, scholars continually debate the luxury and sustainability compatibility. This research examines sustainability implementation and communication in European luxury hotels from different angles, investigating whether and how compatibility between luxury and sustainability is achievable. For this, a mixed-methods study is conducted including web-content analysis, interviews with decision makers and managers in hotels and Tripadvisor review exploration. Findings show compatibility obstacles and success factors. A link between luxury hotels’ sustainability communication and customers’ engagement on review portals demonstrates that sustainability and luxury are highly compatible for hotels.