International Tropical Timber Organization

Bu makale, İslam ahlakının ekonomik sistem üzerindeki kurucu rolünü ele almaktadır. Çalışma, İslam’da ahlak ve ekonominin ilişkisini tarihsel ve çağdaş bağlamlarda inceleyerek İslam ekonomisinin temellerini ve bileşenlerini değerlendirmektedir. İslam’da ve özellikle Kur’an’da ahlak ve ekonominin hangi kavramlar bağlamında ele alındığı incelendikten sonra, İslam ekonomisi literatüründe yer alan farklı sosyo-ekonomik modeller ve örnekler üzerinden bir tartışma yürütülmektedir. Ekonomiyle ahlak arasındaki güçlü ilişkiyi vurgulayan İslam ahlak ekonomisi kavramsallaştırması öne çıkarılmaktadır. İslam ahlak ekonomisinin kuramsal temelleri dört ana aksiyom çerçevesinde ele alınmaktadır: tevhid, denge, özgür irade ve sorumluluk. Kur’an’daki birr ayeti ve İslam ahlak sistemine dayalı aksiyomlar, bireysel ve toplumsal düzeyde uyum ve adaleti sağlamada yol gösterici bir model sunmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, İslam ahlak ekonomisinin modern dünyada alternatif bir ekonomik paradigma olarak daha fazla görünürlük kazanması gerektiği sonucuna varılmıştır.

An intermodal transportation service consisting of high-speed rail (HSR) and an interregional bus service is one policy option for rural areas where interregional travel demand is too low to justify the construction of HSR. This study reviews current interregional bus services connecting with interregional rail, particularly HSR, in Japan, and analyzes the market potential for improving intermodal transportation by integrating HSR with an interregional bus service. It reviews the current interregional transportation network and related travel demand, including for air, rail, and bus. It also analyzes the connectivity of rail+bus intermodal transportation. The analysis showed poor connectivity of HSR and interregional bus services in Japan. Next, an interregional travel mode choice model is estimated with a nested-logit model using data from the Interregional Travel Survey 2010. Then, origin–destination pairs constituting the potential travel demand of the rail+bus option are identified using simple market analysis. This revealed that origin–destination pairs connecting prefectural cities along the Tohoku Shinkansen (HSR) with Kofu City could gain modal shift from other travel modes to rail+bus through improvement in the connection or introduction of a new interregional bus service connected with HSR. Expected changes in modal shares for rail+bus are estimated through a case study where a connection at the HSR station is hypothetically improved by a newly introduced interregional bus service. This suggests that improvements in connectivity at the HSR station could encourage the intermodal transportation service of rail+bus, even for areas not connected with the HSR network.

As more data and technologies become available, it is important that a simple method is developed for the assessment of land use changes because of the global need to understand the potential climate mitigation that could result from a reduction in deforestation and forest degradation in the tropics. Here, we determined the threshold values of vegetation types to classify land use categories in Cambodia through the analysis of phenological behaviors and the development of a robust phenology-based threshold classification (PBTC) method for the mapping and long-term monitoring of land cover changes. We accessed 2199 Landsat collections using Google Earth Engine (GEE) and applied the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) and harmonic regression methods to identify phenological behaviors of land cover categories during the leaf-shedding phenology (LSP) and leaf-flushing phenology (LFS) seasons. We then generated 722 mean phenology EVI profiles for 12 major land cover categories and determined the threshold values for selected land cover categories in the mid-LSP season. The PBTC pixel-based classified map was validated using very high-resolution (VHR) imagery. We obtained a cumulative overall accuracy of more than 88% and a cumulative overall accuracy of the referenced forest cover of almost 85%. These high accuracy values suggest that the very first PBTC map can be useful for estimating the activity data, which are critically needed to assess land use changes and related carbon emissions under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) scheme. We found that GEE cloud-computing is an appropriate tool to use to access remote sensing big data at scale and at no cost.

This chapter presents findings from quantitative and qualitative investigations of the perspectives of participants involved in international climate governance over the period 2010–2015. An established framework of principles, criteria and indicators for institutional governance was applied to two mechanisms under the UNFCCC: the initiative referred to as ‘Reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests, and enhancement of forest stocks in developing countries’ (REDD+) and the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. Assessment focuses on the governance value of interest representation in terms of inclusiveness (access) and resources (allocation).