International University of Africa

A curator is someone who is appointed by the court to manage and organize the bankruptcy assets of the debtor in carrying out his duties must be in accordance with applicable laws and regulations. When carrying out their duties, curators must be independent and have no conflict of interest with either the debtor or creditors as stipulated in the provisions of Article 15 paragraph 3 of Law Number 37 of 2004. For this reason, the following problems can be formulated, why the burden of the curator's performance in carrying out the bankruptcy estate needs legal protection for the curator, what are the inhibiting factors or threats to the curator in the bankruptcy estate and how to reconstruct the regulation of legal protection of the curator in carrying out the bankruptcy estate. The writing of this dissertation aims to analyze and find the burden of the curator's performance in carrying out the administration of bankruptcy property needs legal protection for the curator, to analyze and find inhibiting factors or threats to the curator in the administration of bankruptcy property, to analyze and find the reconstruction of legal protection for the curator in carrying out the administration of bankruptcy property in order to realize justice-based sustainability. This type of research used is normative legal research, namely legal research conducted by breaking down legal issues and at the same time providing prescriptions. The research used is descriptive analytical. Thus, the need for immunity rights implicitly regulated in the law in order to protect curators in carrying out the administration of bankruptcy assets in order to create justice for all parties in bankruptcy. reconstruction of legal protection regulations for curators in carrying out the administration of bankruptcy assets is to add a new norm formulation to Article 69 of the Bankruptcy Law by strengthening the role of curators in the management and administration of bankruptcy assets, adding immunity rights and / or legal assistance by curator professional organizations and state institutions when curators are reported in suspected criminal acts.

<title>Abstract</title> <bold>Background:</bold> Community pharmacies (CPs) in Sudan are accessible and cost-effective points of healthcare. However, Pharmaceutical Care Services (PhCS) has not been widely adopted. So far, adoption depends critically on resolving challenges and effectively utilizing the available opportunities. <bold>Objective:</bold> To assess the challenges and opportunities for pharmaceutical care adoption in private community pharmacies(CPhs), Wad-Madani, Gezira State, Sudan. <bold>Methods:</bold> This cross-sectional study was conducted from December 2019 to August 2020, involving 120 community pharmacists. A pre-tested, self-administered, structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 26) was used for the analysis of categorical data variables. The p-value (α = 0.05) is the cutoff point for determining the significance of the results. <bold>Results:</bold> The response rate among participants was 87.1%. The demographic characteristics showed younger age dominance (82.5% aged ≤ 40), with 63.3% females, less experience (&lt; 20 years, 92.5%), and most holding a B.Pharm degree (91.7%). Over half of pharmacists (52.5%) engaged in multitasking roles, including dispensing, counseling, handling money, and managerial activities, often without a separate counseling area. Awareness regarding PhCS was high (81%). However, the main barriers included 40% as insufficient continuous professional development (CPD) and 31.7% due to public perceptions. In comparison, the top supporting factor was the presence of organized staff members (55.8%). Pharmacists prioritized CPD (61.7%) as a means of supporting PhCS adoption. Overall, the observed difference between pharmacy groups was statistically insignificant for all variables (X² and Fisher's Exact test, p-values &gt; 0.05), indicating uniformity among community pharmacists. <bold>Conclusions:</bold> The demographic profile presents both opportunities and challenges. High awareness suggests rich ground for interventions. Interestingly, systemic barriers and discouraging factors can be overcome through coordinated strategies that involve education reform, regulatory frameworks, infrastructure design, and workforce planning. Results are essential for transforming community pharmacy practice into effective models of pharmaceutical care services.

The title com-pound (systematic name: 1-anthracen-9-yl-N-methyl-methanimine oxide), C16H13NO, contains an almost planar anthracene ring system [r.m.s. deviation= 0.021 (1) Å]. In the crystal, inter-molecular bifurcated C-H⋯O hy-dro-gen bonds link the mol-ecules into infinite chains along the a-axis direction. The π-π stacking inter-actions between the benzene rings of adjacent mol-ecules help to consolidate the three-dimensional architecture. The Hirshfeld surface analysis of the crystal structure indicates that the most important contributions for the crystal packing are from H⋯H (54.5%), H⋯C/C⋯H (23.7%), H⋯O/O⋯H (10.6%) and C⋯C (9.8%) inter-actions. The volume of the crystal voids and the percentage of free space were calculated to be 76.07 Å3 and 6.57%, respectively, showing that there is no large cavity in the crystal packing. Evaluation of the electrostatic, dispersion and total energy frameworks indicates that the stabilization largely depends on dispersion energy contributions. Hydrogen bonding, π-π and van der Waals inter-actions, together with the dispersion energy contributions, are the dominant inter-actions in the crystal packing.

The accurate authentication of medicinal plants is critical for ensuring the safety and efficacy of herbal products. This study provides a comprehensive morphoanatomical characterization of six medicinally important Solanaceae species from Sudan: Datura innoxia, Physalis angulata, Solanum dubium, Solanum incanum, Solanum nigrum, and Withania somnifera. Fresh leaf samples were collected from their natural habitats in Khartoum and eastern Sudan. Transverse sections and epidermal peels were examined using light microscopy with digital imaging. Distinct anatomical markers were identified, including epidermal cell wall patterns, stomatal types (anisocytic, paracytic, anomocytic), trichome morphology (glandular, non-glandular, stellate), calcium oxalate crystal forms (druses, crystal sand), and mesophyll organization. A diagnostic dichotomous key was developed based on these micromorphological traits. Notably, P.angulata displayed undifferentiated mesophyll with sinuous anticlinal walls, while W.somnifera exhibited stellate trichomes and two types of calcium oxalate crystals. S. nigrum showed paracytic stomata and unicellular trichomes, whereas D. innoxia presented glandular trichomes and druse crystals. These findings provide reliable, microscopy-based tools for authenticating fragmented or powdered herbal material, combating adulteration in the traditional medicine trade. The study bridges a significant gap in the botanical documentation of Sudanese medicinal flora and supports quality control in pharmacognosy, conservation planning, and ethnobotanical research.

Assessment plays a crucial role in medical education providing both measures of student performance and feedback for curriculum improvement. This study evaluates the quality of A-type (single-best-answer) multiple-choice questions (MCQs) used in the Fixed Prosthodontics exams over three academic years (2020-2022) at a Sudanese dental school, using psychometric item analysis. This cross-sectional study (February-April 2023) retrospectively analyzed 155 MCQs administered between 2020 and 2022. Each item was assessed for item-writing flaws (IWFs), difficulty index (DIF: percentage of correct responses), discrimination index (DIS: ability to differentiate between highest and lowest 27% of examinees), and reliability (Cronbach's alpha). The normality of DIF and DIS data was tested; Spearman's or Pearson's correlation was used as appropriate. The percentage of items with IWFs was 48% (2020), 42% (2021), and 33% (2022). Mean ± SD of the DIF index values were (75.51 ± 8.47), (72.25 ± 7.93), and (60 ± 11.63). While Mean ± SD of the DIS index values were (0.18 ± 0.17), (0.13 ± 0.16), and (0.21 ± 0.13) respectively. Cronbach's alpha, coefficients (α) increased from 0.69 (2020) and 0.64 (2021) to 0.76 (2022). There were no significant correlations between DIF and DIS across the three years (p > 0.05). Item-writing quality improved from 2020 to 2022, with the proportion of flawed items decreasing and reliability increasing. Most items were easy in 2020 and 2021, with more excellent difficulty in 2022. Discrimination improved but remained suboptimal. There was no significant correlation between difficulty and discrimination indices. Routine psychometric analysis and enhanced faculty training are recommended to maintain assessment standards in dental education.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a particularly major complication among patients with acute pancreatitis, which markedly increases the length of hospitalization, morbidity, and mortality. Low serum albumin levels have been associated with disease severity and worse outcomes in various critical illnesses. Accordingly, this meta-analysis was done to assess the association between serum albumin level and AKI in patients with acute pancreatitis.A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. The search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. Pooled standardized mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to investigate the difference in albumin values between AKI and non-AKI patient groups.A total of seven studies, including 3,496 patients with acute pancreatitis, were included in the meta-analysis. The results indicate that patients who developed AKI had substantially lower serum albumin concentrations at baseline compared to those who did not develop AKI, with the pooled SMD being -0.55 (95% CI: -0.64 to -0.47; p < 0.001). Assessment of between-study variability demonstrated no significant heterogeneity, and sensitivity analysis confirmed robustness of the results.This meta-analysis demonstrated that hypoalbuminemia could serve as a reliable biomarker for identifying patients at increased risk of kidney injury during the course of acute pancreatitis.

Abstract Background Physiological changes during pregnancy significantly alter drug pharmacokinetics, yet research remains limited due to ethical and methodological challenges. A consolidated overview of the most influential studies is lacking. Objective This study aimed to perform a comprehensive bibliometric and thematic analysis of global research on pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy from 1971 to 2025, identifying trends, influential contributors, emerging themes, and knowledge gaps. Methods A bibliometric analysis was conducted on October 8th, 2025 using data extracted from the Scopus database for publications between 1971 and 2025. Performance indicators were analyzed using descriptive statistics and correlation analyses. Bibliometrix (R), VOS viewer, and GraphPad Prism were used for bibliometric mapping, co-authorship networks, and thematic clustering. Results A total of 1,391 publications by 8,192 authors across 511 journals were identified, showing an annual growth rate of 6.18% and 18.89% international collaboration. The United States (13%), Italy (5%), and New Zealand (4%) were leading contributors. Clinical Pharmacokinetics was the top journal, while the "University of Washington, Seattle, united states" and "Wolters Kluwer health - Adis, Auckland, New Zealand”, were the most influential institutions. Core keywords included “pregnancy,” “pharmacokinetics,” “HIV,” “epilepsy,” and “therapeutic drug monitoring,” with emerging themes such as “metabolism” and “controlled study.” Thematic evolution revealed a shift from methodological foundations (1971–1988) to clinical applications (1989–2015) and mechanistic approaches (2016–2025). Conclusions Global research on pharmacokinetic changes during pregnancy has grown steadily, transitioning toward model-informed and mechanistic studies. However, the absence of mature motor themes indicates thematic fragmentation. Strengthening international collaboration, advancing physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling, and expanding studies across diverse populations and drug classes remain priorities to optimize pharmacotherapy in pregnancy.

Thyroid function regulates numerous processes that influence metabolism and maintenance of homeostasis. Its dysfunction can adversely affect multiple clinical parameters. Notably, thyroid disorders have been correlated with metabolic changes and increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In both cases of hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism, thyroid hormone interrupts insulin sensitivity and adipocyte metabolism, leading to abnormal glucose metabolism, lipid profile, and cardiometabolic health. As thyroid disorders represent modifiable risk factors, including reduced physical activity, cigarette smoke, mean body mass index, and alcoholism, a thorough understanding and up-to-date knowledge of how these conditions affect different systems may provide clinicians with a better opportunity for early detection, which contributes to reducing the progression of health complications and improving both quality of life and life expectancy. This narrative review aims to identify and summarize current understanding of the relationship between thyroid disorders and their effect on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk, including the possible pathophysiology, and discuss the associated correlations. To achieve this, a detailed search was conducted using credible databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. We also used sidebar filters to include articles relevant to our topic and critically analyzed them before citing the references in this review.

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder that affects peripheral joints, entheses, and the skin, driven by the dysregulation of key cytokine pathways and often necessitating targeted immunomodulatory therapy for optimal disease control. While biologic therapies targeting tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and interleukin-23 (IL-23) pathways have transformed PsA management, limitations in efficacy, tolerability, and patient access persist. Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitors represent an emerging class of targeted therapies, offering a distinct mechanism of action by disrupting intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation. This narrative review summarizes recent clinical trial data and real-world evidence on the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors, with particular attention to their comparative performance against adalimumab and other biologic classes. To facilitate patient selection and monitoring, important safety factors such as cardiovascular risk, cancer, and venous thromboembolism are contextualized within the most recent guidelines. Beyond summarizing outcomes, we critically examine the clinical implications of integrating JAK inhibitors into PsA treatment algorithms. As the therapeutic landscape continues to evolve, further long-term studies are essential to establish the optimal role of JAK inhibitors in clinical practice and clarify their position within the broader treatment framework for PsA. These findings can help guide treatment choices and support decisions made with patients.