International University of Business Agriculture and Technology

ABSTRACT Hybrid fiber‐reinforced polymer composites combining natural and synthetic reinforcements offer a promising route toward lightweight and sustainable structural materials. In this study, carbon fiber–palm tree fiber reinforced epoxy hybrid composites were fabricated using a hand lay‐up technique with a symmetric sandwich‐type stacking sequence, where carbon fiber layers were placed on the outer surfaces and palm tree fibers formed the core. Mechanical performance was evaluated through tensile, flexural, and impact tests, while microstructural characteristics and chemical interactions were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The tensile test results showed tensile strengths ranging from 62.5 to 81.1 MPa, with a maximum Young's modulus of 3.2 GPa and tensile strain values between 3.2% and 3.5%, suggesting possible load sharing between constituents. Flexural testing revealed flexural strengths between 207.3 and 311.0 MPa and flexural moduli ranging from 21.2 to 36.35 GPa, demonstrating the dominant load‐bearing role of the carbon fiber outer layers under bending. Impact testing showed energy absorption values between 1.1 and 2.2 N.m, with average impact energy of 1.47 N.m, which may be associated with the presence of palm fiber layers. SEM analysis revealed mixed‐mode fracture features that are consistent with the observed mechanical behavior. FTIR analysis indicated the presence of characteristic functional groups suggesting chemical compatibility between constituents. Overall, the results demonstrate that carbon fiber–palm tree fiber hybrid composites fabricated via hand lay‐up exhibit mechanically viable performance levels for non‐critical lightweight structural applications, while highlighting the influence of fabrication‐induced variability on structural reliability.

Concepts are fundamental to nursing theory, practice, and research, serving as abstract constructs that represent key aspects of human experience. However, the reporting of concept analysis in nursing lacks standardised guidelines, leading to inconsistencies in methodological transparency and rigour. Existing frameworks for qualitative and mixed-methods research do not adequately address the unique aspects of concept analysis. This study aims to develop a comprehensive reporting guideline for concept analysis in nursing research, guided by the EQUATOR Network toolkit. The first stage of guideline development involves a systematic review of MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PsycINFO to identify key components of concept analysis reporting in nursing. The review will focus on studies utilising concept analysis within the nursing metaparadigms: person, environment, health, and nursing, while adhering to PRISMA guidelines to ensure methodological rigour. The systematic review synthesised existing literature to establish a foundational framework of essential elements for reporting concept analysis in nursing. Findings from this review will inform a subsequent Delphi study and structured guideline development process. The resulting standardised reporting framework will enhance methodological consistency, transparency, and reproducibility in concept analysis, thereby contributing to the advancement of nursing theory, research, and practice.