International University of Cooperative Education

Soil, as the largest terrestrial carbon sink, plays a pivotal role in the global carbon cycle. Soil microorganisms are fundamental to all biochemical processes in soil, ensuring its fertility and supporting a balanced ecosystem. Through their metabolic activities, these microorganisms drive energy and matter flows, mineralizing organic matter and releasing heat and CO 2 , which can be measured via calorespirometry. A key limitation of conventional calorimeters lies in their inability to combine high sample throughput with sufficiently large sample sizes while avoiding oxygen limitation during measurement. In order to overcome these weaknesses, we have developed a multi-channel macrocalorespirometer (CR-12) for soil analysis. To demonstrate its application, agricultural soil (Dikopshof, Luvisol) amended with 12 C (unlabeled) and 13 C (labeled) glucose was used in four experiments. Comparisons with commercial isothermal microcalorimeters confirmed the suitability of CR-12 for soil systems, providing reliable heat, CO 2 measurements and calorespirometric ratios that align with known ranges for the aerobic turnover of carbohydrates. To further investigate the incorporation of carbon into the soil organic matter (SOM), a time series of soil samples amended with 13 C-labeled glucose was subjected to mass spectrometric analysis (m/z 44 for 12 C-CO 2 ; m/z 45 for 13 C-CO 2 ) using thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry-quadrupole mass spectrometry (TG-DSC-QMS). The integration of calorespirometric and mass spectrometric data demonstrated that combining these complementary techniques provides more detailed information on the fate of microbial carbon and energy turnover within SOM. • Soil microorganisms drive energy flows, mineralizing organic matter and releasing CO 2 . • Conventional techniques have limitations like low sample throughput and small sample sizes. • A multi-channel macrocalorespirometer (CR-12) was developed for improved soil analysis. • CR-12 provides reliable heat and CO 2 data, as well as calorespirometric ratios in soils. • Combining calorespirometry and mass spectrometry reveals detailed soil carbon dynamics.

Global guidelines increasingly support breastfeeding among women living with HIV (WLWH) underoptimized conditions. However, outcome data from high-resource settings remain limited. We retrospectively analyzed WLWH who delivered at Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin between 2017 and 2023. Eligibility for breastfeeding required VL<50 cop/mL. Of 409 WLWH, 365 (89.2 %) were eligible and 77 (18.8 %) initiated breastfeeding. No case of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) was observed. Sustained viral suppression and ART adherence were key. Exclusive breastfeeding was associated with longer duration (p=0.001), midwifery carepromoted exclusivity (p=0.009), and vaginal delivery waslinked to longer duration (p=0.005). Breastfeeding with VL<50 cop/mL appears safe in high-resource settings. Findings support individualized counseling, close monitoring, and multidisciplinary care. The increasing breastfeeding trend reflects a shift in clinical practice.

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Abstract We show that actual Eurosystem’s monetary policy of purchasing government bonds of the countries of the Eurozone corresponds to the concept of Modern Monetary Theory. Here the state creates and skims off the required money supply for its expenditures himself. The economic policy challenges emerging from the expanded monetary basis in the Eurozone as consequence of the government bond purchases are substantial. We stress that European monetary policy should therefore immediately address the task of reducing the monetary basis and at the same time limiting possible adjustment costs for the European economies. This should take place within an institutionalized monetary management framework.

Die Personalsituation vieler Trager, besonders kleiner Trager in der Kinder- und Jugendhilfe in Sachsen, ist auserst angespannt. Das Projekt „Berufswege und Personalentwicklung in der Sozialwirtschaft“ (bepeso) sollte hierfur Losungsmoglichkeiten aufzeigen. Nachfolgend wird aufgefuhrt, welche denkbaren Wege Organisationen gehen konnen, welche Voraussetzungen zu erfullen sind und wie mit moglichen Hurden und Hindernissen umgegangen werden kann.

Abstract. Current efforts to formalize the Anthropocene as a new geologic epoch have relaunched deliberations concerning the re/unification of human and physical geography. This commentary notes the end of traditional (dualist) human-environmental thinking and welcomes a vital pluralism of alternative approaches including gaia-politics. Thus, it recommends to challenge and reject the hegemony of a geoscientists' (geocratic) narrative. Still valid is the provocation by French philosopher Latour that the historical failure of the discipline to achieve convergence will very likely leave geography as it is, ie. divided into separate disciplines.

Few studies have attempted to systematically compare business schools with regard to their primary goals and/or mission. A literature review showed that first and foremost, present studies seem to have set a focus on comparing components of mission statements or selected aspects of mission content. Detailed information on primary themes discussed within the mission statement of individiual business schools is so far missing.